ART of Architecture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ART of Architecture - Essay Example and provide a brief explanation about what makes this place appears to be quite special, â€Å"The Grand Army Plaza† located in Brooklyn, US has been taken into concern for discussion. â€Å"The Grand Army Plaza† can be apparently observed as a monument type, which was founded in the year 1916. It was a great experience to visit this monument and also the place wherein it is located, as these resemble uniform culture along with heritage including ethical considerations (New York Architecture, n.d.). The following pictorial illustration provides a brief idea about the aforesaid monument: Based on the above analysis, it can be affirmed that the factors including concreteness, specificity and definiteness play an imperative role in holding as well as arousing the attention of the viewers to visit a particular place or any historical place for gaining a brief knowledge about a specific subject matter. It is worth mentioning that apart from playing the above discussed role, the three constituents mentioned above also support in determining the effectiveness or the attractions of the historical places in the context of delivering quality works for the visitors with adequate understanding of different facts relating to conceptions and emotions among others. From a logical and future perspective, it can be apparently observed that the historical monument â€Å"The Grand Army Plaza† has been designed by taking into concern varied artifacts and geometries with the intention of attracting the viewers and most vitally to mark a sign of excellence as well as ethnicity am id the Americans and also the viewers worldwide. Thus, it will be vital to mention that better logical and most vitally appropriate incorporation of the above stated constituents will eradicate all complexities and help in delivering works with utmost quality (Strunk & White, 2014; New York Architecture, n.d.). Therefore, from the above analysis and discussion, it can be affirmed from a broader understanding

Why Franklin Delano Roosevelt was a Great Man Essay Example for Free

Why Franklin Delano Roosevelt was a Great Man Essay â€Å"†¦History is created by people and the role of the individual cannot be denied, even though it needs to be seen in a historical context. While there are limits to the role played by individuals, might the part they play in critical circumstances be decisive in the chain of causality? Pertaining to this ‘Great Man Theory’ it can be said that Franklin Delano Roosevelt upheld his victorious and highly regarded government through means of social, economic and political reforms, as well as ambitious personal and strategic decisions that have successfully remained influential to American society today and maintained his image as a prominent historic leader. Franklin Roosevelt was the 32nd President of America from 1933 – 1945, eminent historian Sean J Savage articulated that Roosevelt remained a central figure in world events during the 20th Century, leading the United States through a time of world wide economic depression and war. In his first hundred days in office, which began March 4, 1933, Roosevelt spearheaded major legislation and issued a profusion of executive orders that instituted the New Deal; a variety of programs designed to induce relief like government jobs for the unemployed, recovery through economic growth and reform through regulation of Wall Street and major banks as stated by Professor John Simkin. Following the example of his fifth cousin, President Theodore Roosevelt, whom he greatly admired, Franklin D. Roosevelt entered public service through politics, but as a Democrat. The White House Presidential website provides a patriotic American insight based on primary sources that when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, Roosevelt directed organization of the Nations manpower and resources for global war, feeling that the future peace of America relied upon relations between itself and Russia. Roosevelt devoted much thought to the planning of a United Nations, in which, he hoped, international difficulties could be settled. As the war drew to a close, Roosevelts health deteriorated, and on April 12, 1945, while at Warm Springs, Georgia, he died of a cerebral hemorrhage. Franklin Roosevelt is named as one of the most transcendent American Presidents in history due to his influence over the Democratic Party and the regimes it implemented. Roosevelt fought to change the Democratic Party and make it a united coalition through which America would thrive. The Democratic Party put together a formidable coalition whose main components were lower-income groups in the great cities; African-Americans, union members, and ethnic and religious minorities, many from recent immigrant groups, this coalition aimed to improve and bring American lives to great new consummate levels (Tennen, 2012). As Susan Dunn emphasizes in Roosevelts Purge; FDR was motivated not merely by personal pique and short-term legislative goals but by a vision of a refashioned party system, he worried that the Democratic Party would remain a chronically weak minority party unless it clearly distinguished itself as a liberal organization and improved its appeal among voters dissatisfied with republican policies. Peri E Arnold, American historian and college professor explains that in early 1937 Roosevelt surprised Congress with judicial reform and executive reorganization bills that he and his newly formed Democrats had assembled; by 1938 those bills, along with economic measures such as the New Deal, were treated indecisively by conservative Democrats. This Democratic Party and Roosevelt’s ideals helped ensure that effective relief efforts were introduced and would allow Roosevelt to help to play an integral part in WWII. Roosevelt’s involvement in the Great Depression and WWII was essential for these incidences to occur the way they did. The Great Depression in the United States began on October 29, 1929, a day known forever after as Black Tuesday, when the American stock market–which had been roaring steadily upward for almost a decade; crashed, plunging the country into its most severe economic downturn yet (University of Virginia, 2010). When Roosevelt was elected into presidency he promised that under his government he would act decisively to end the Depression. Once in office, FDR said yes to almost every plan put forward by advisors and congress said yes to almost ever program proposed b the President. Barbara Welke from the History Channel Website provides information on the programs Roosevelt initiated; one part of the whole program was to promote recovery, supply relief to the needy and furnish permanent reforms especially in banks and stock exchanges. WWII ended both the temporary New Deal programs and the Depression the Roosevelt government was attempting to cure but many facets of the New Deal have remained features of American life from the 1930’s until the present. Barbara Welke author and reporter stated that FDR spearheaded the successful wartime alliance between the Soviet Union, Britain and the US. And that he helped to lay the groundwork for the post-war peace organization that would become the United Nations. While many favor Roosevelt’s decision Republicans and several members of congress argue that he made some poor appointments such as never giving his quickly put together war administration real organization. Robert A Guisepi, an American correspondent believes that another way of understanding Roosevelt’s Depression fighting efforts is to analyze the New Deal Initiative. The Aim of the New Deal was essentially conservative and it sought to save capitalism and the fundamental institutions of American from the disaster of the Great Depression. The New Deal was a successful and positive economic and social advancement which Roosevelt played a pivotal role in initiating. Roosevelt made strenuous attempts to help those without work but as well as this also attempted to reduce the misery for those who were unable to work through funding. Deb Tennen, author of Society in FDR’S New Deal emphasizes the success of the temporary closure on all banks to halt the run on deposits; he formed a â€Å"Brain Trust† of economic advisors who designed the alphabet soup agencies. These agencies were created as part of the New Deal to combat the economic depression and prevent another stock market crash in the US and were established during Roosevelt’s first hundred days of office (Clifird Berryman Library of Congress 2007). Ronald Reigan 40th President of American and Republican Party leader stated upon reflection of FDR’s New Deal â€Å"With his alphabet soup of federal agencies, FDR in many ways set in motion the forces that later sought to create big government and bring a form of veiled socialism to America†¦.. He called for cutting federal spending by twenty-five percent, eliminating useless boards and commissions and returning to states and communities powers that had been wrongfully seized by the federal government†¦Ã¢â‚¬  By 1936 the economy showed signs of improvement. Gross national product was up 34 percent and unemployment had dropped from 25 percent to 14 percent (Berryman, 2007). Chris Trueman opposes this success stating that Roosevelt increased government spending, encouraged unbalanced budgets and attempted to advance America towards socialism. Chris Trueman; Author and historian enthusiast explains that those who criticize the New Deal claim that it never actually got rid of unemployment in America and that Roosevelts New Deal only had short term impact which lulled the unemployed into thinking that all their troubles were at an end. However The White House Presidential Website argues that, for many Americans in the 1930s, Roosevelt was the president who included in his policies the people who had felt excluded by politics once the Depression had taken its hold; now the excluded were the included. The New Deal Initiative was an economically and socially positive regime which would power the Democratic Party for the next thirty years. This regime along with other critical personal and strategic decisions, helped to confirm Franklin Roosevelt’s position as a favored and highly regarded President who continues to influence America today. Franklin Roosevelt and his administration ensured he maintained his influential status as one of America’s greatest President’s. Franklin Roosevelt tried to establish a close relationship with the American people. Roosevelt talked to the American people by radio to explain what actions were being taken and what he planned for the future; these radio broadcasts helped him gain widespread support for his programs. Suzanne Bilyeu iterates frequently in her report that Under Roosevelt the American federal government assumed new and powerful roles in the nation’s economy, in its corporate life and in the health, welfare and well-being of its citizens. The legislation he pushed through congress as part of his New Deal not only helped ease the Depression, it also formed the underpinnings of the modern welfare state. Bilyeu credits Roosevelt with rescuing capitalism and America’s way of life at a time when widespread economic misery made socialism and communism more appealing to many. Father Charles E Coughlin a radio priest from Detroit and critic of Roosevelt however, argues that he opened the door to a government that was too big, too powerful and too costly for taxpayers. The Great Man Theory that a powerful figure is only as commendable as the circumstances that surround him and the person that he is are precise of Franklin Roosevelt. He has remained an influential presidential figure from his election into government up until present day due to his battle and triumph through the Great Depression and World War II, his strong and independent reform decisions, ingenious public awareness campaigns and widespread communication, development of peace organizations, economic and social rehabilitation and New Deal programs. As a person Franklin Roosevelt was a decisive and wilful man, dedicated to the success and well being of his nation, he acted swiftly against pressing matters and resolved them with the utmost diligence.

I Have A Dream Speech Outline Theology Religion Essay

I Have A Dream Speech Outline Theology Religion Essay 2 Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand today, signed the Emancipation Proclamation. This momentous decree came as a great beacon light of hope to millions of Negro slaves, who had been seared in the flames of withering injustice. It came as a joyous daybreak to end the long night of their captivity. 3 But one hundred years later, the Negro still is not free. One hundred years later, the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination. One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a cast ocean of material prosperity. One hundred years later, the Negro is still languished in the corners of American society and finds himself an exile in his own land. And so weve come here today to dramatize a shameful condition. Tie To Audience/ Relevancy Statement/ Reveal Your Topic : Author linked freedom to checks, signifying that every American has this check but African Americans are unable to claim it. 4 In a sense weve come to our nations capitol to cash a check. When the architects of our republic wrote the magnificent words of the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence, they were signing a promissory note to which every American was to fall heir. This note was a promise that all men yes, black men as well as white men would be guaranteed the unalienable rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. 5 It is obvious today that America has defaulted on this promissory note to insofar as her citizens of color are concerned. Instead of honoring this sacred obligation, America has given the Negro people a bad check a check which has come back marked insufficient funds.   Credibility Material : Speaker self is an African American speaking on the common issue faced by all. 6 But we refuse to believe that the bank of justice is bankrupt. We refuse to believe that there are insufficient funds in the great vaults of opportunity of this nation. And so weve come to cash this check a check that will give us upon demand the riches of freedom and the security of justice. Thesis Preview: Thesis: Emphasized on a brief summary of now and its importance. 7 We have also come to this hallowed spot to remind America of the fierce urgency of now. This is no time to engage in the luxury of cooling off or to take the tranquilizing drug of gradualism. Now is the time to make real the promises of democracy. Now is the time to rise from the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit path of racial justice. Now is the time to lift our nation from the quicksands of racial injustice to the solid rock of brotherhood. Now is the time to make justice a reality for all of Gods children. Preview: Why now . 8 It would be fatal for the nation to overlook the urgency of the moment. This sweltering summer of the Negros legitimate discontent will not pass until there is an invigorating autumn of freedom and equality. Nineteen sixty-three is not an end, but a beginning. Those who hope that the Negro needed to blow off steam and will now be content will have a rude awakening if the nation returns to business as usual. There will be neither rest nor tranquility in America until the Negro is granted his citizenship rights. The whirlwinds of revolt will continue to shake the foundations of our nation until the bright day of justice emerges. Transition: Moving into main points elaborating why now . 9 But there is something that I must say to my people, who stand on the warm threshold which leads into the palace of justice. In the process of gaining our rightful place, we must not be guilty of wrongful deeds. Let us not seek to satisfy our thirst for freedom by drinking from the cup of bitterness and hatred. Body Main Point 1 : 10 We must forever conduct our struggle on the high plane of dignity and discipline. We must not allow our creative protest to degenerate into physical violence. Again and again we must rise to the majestic heights of meeting physical force with soul force. Subpoint 1: 11 The marvelous new militancy which has engulfed the Negro community must not lead us to a distrust of all white people. For many of our white brothers, as evidenced by their presence here today, have come to realize that their destiny is tied up with our destiny. They have come to realize that their freedom is inextricably bound to our freedom. We cannot walk alone. Sub-sub point/elaboration: 12 As we walk, we must make the pledge that we shall always march ahead. We cannot turn back. There are those who are asking the devotees of civil rights, When will you be satisfied? Sub-sub point/elaboration: We can never be satisfied as long as the Negro is the victim of the unspeakable horrors of police brutality. We can never be satisfied as long as our bodies, heavy with the fatigue of travel, cannot gain lodging in the motels of the highways and the hotels of the cities. We cannot be satisfied as long as the Negros basic mobility is from a smaller ghetto to a larger one. We can never be satisfied as long as our children are stripped of their selfhood and robbed of their dignity by signs stating For Whites Only. We cannot be satisfied as long as a Negro in Mississippi cannot vote and a Negro in New York believes he has nothing for which to vote. No, no, we are not satisfied, and we will not be satisfied until justice rolls down like waters, and righteousness like a mighty stream. Subpoint 2: 13 I am not unmindful that some of you have come here out of great trials and tribulations. S Sub-sub point/elaboration: Some of you have come fresh from narrow jail cells. Some of you have come from areas where your quest for freedom left you battered by the storms of persecution and staggered by the winds of police brutality. Sub-sub point/elaboration: You have been the veterans of creative suffering. Continue to work with the faith that unearned suffering is redemptive. Transition: 14 Go back to Mississippi, go back to Alabama, go back to South Carolina, go back to Georgia, go back to Louisiana, go back to the slums and ghettos of our Northern cities, knowing that somehow this situation can and will be changed. Let us not wallow in the valley of despair. Main Point 2 : 15 I say to you today, my friends, so even though we face the difficulties of today and tomorrow, I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream. 1. Subpoint 1 : 16 I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed, We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal. Sub-sub point/elaboration: 17 I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slaveowners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood. 18 I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice. Sub-sub point/elaboration: 19 I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. I have a dream today. 20 I have a dream that one day, down in Alabama, with its vicious racists, with its governor having his lips dripping with the words of interposition and nullification, one day right there in Alabama little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls as sisters and brothers. I have a dream today. 21 I have a dream that one day every valley shall be exalted, every hill and mountain shall be made low, the rough places will be made plane and the crooked places will be made straight, and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed, and all flesh shall see it together. 2. Subpoint 2: 22 This is our hope. This is the faith that I go back to South with. With this faith we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope. With this faith we will be able to transform the jangling discords of our nation into a beautiful symphony of brotherhood. With this faith we will be able to work together, to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one day. S Sub-sub point/elaboration: 23 This will be the day this will be the day when all of Gods children will be able to sing with new meaning, My country tis of thee, sweetland of liberty, of thee I sing. Land where my fathers died, land of the pilgrims pride, from every mountainside, let freedom ring. And if America is to be a great nation, this must become true. Sub-sub point/elaboration: 24 So let freedom ring from the prodigious hilltops of New Hampshire. Let freedom ring from the mighty mountains of New York. Let freedom ring from the heightening Alleghenies of Pennsylvania! 3. Subpoint 3: 25 Let freedom ring from the snowcapped Rockies of Colorado! Let freedom ring from the curvaceous slopes of California! S Sub-sub point/elaboration: 26 But not only that. Let freedom ring from Stone Mountain of Georgia! 27 Let freedom ring from Lookout Mountain of Tennessee! 28 Let freedom ring from every hill and molehill of Mississippi. From every mountainside, let freedom ring.   III. Conclusion Brakelight: 29 And when this happens, Summary: when we allow freedom ring when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city Tie Back to Audience: we will be able to speed up that day when all of Gods children, black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual, Concluding Memorable Remarks: Free at last! Free at last! Thank God almighty, we are free at last!

An investigation into the heat of combustion of five alcohols :: GCSE Chemistry Coursework Investigation

Alcohols : An investigation into the heat of combustion of five alcohols Planning ======== Introduction ------------ I am trying to determine the heat of combustion for the first five alcohols, which are; ethanol, propanol, butanol, pentanol and hexanol. I am trying to determine whether the amount of Carbon atoms on the molecule affects the heat energy given out by the molecule when burned. I believe that as the size of the molecule increases and the chain of carbons grows longer, then the heat energy given out will increase. I think that this is because when the molecule bonds are broken then they take in energy and then when the bonds are being made they give out energy. In a large molecule, more bonds are made so more energy is given out. Apparatus ---------  · Clamp stand  · Clamp  · Copper calorimeter  · Spirit burner  · Matches  · Thermometer  · Ruler  · Metal safety tray  · Top pan balance (digital scales)  · Measuring cylinder Method ------ I will need to collect all of the above apparatus and then put it together like in the diagram below. I will weigh the alcohol I will be burning and then put it under the copper calorimeter. I will use a measuring cylinder to measure out 100cm3 into the copper calorimeter. I will light my Flame, which will be 5cm under the calorimeter. I will use my thermometer to determine the temperature and then go up to 60 °c because that is how much I will change the temperature by. When the water has risen to 60 °c I will then put the lid on the spirit burner to extinguish the flame and then I will weigh the spirit burner again. By taking the new weight from the original weight I can then work out how much of the alcohol has been used. I will then repeat this experiment another four times with the other alcohols until I have done all five. I will repeat this twice to gain another set of results so I can compare them and identify trends and patterns consistent in both sets of results. How I will make my experiment a fair test ----------------------------------------- There is not really that much I can do to help make this experiment a fair test but I will; cool the copper calorimeter completely down by running it under cold water for a few minutes so that the water doesn't get warmed up by being in contact with it. I will also make sure that I have 100cm3 of water each time in the calorimeter. The temperature will always go up to 60 ° each time as well. I will also keep the height of the calorimeter at 5cm each time.

Coach Inc Essay

1) 1. What are the defining characteristics of the luxury goods industry? What is the industry like? A luxury brand may have profound influence on an overall product strategy since its position may determine how the company is going to make its next step. A luxury brand like Coach epitomizes elegance and combines classic beauty with modern design. According to John E. Gamble, not only has Coach become one of the most respected and known brand names in the ladies’ handbags and leather accessories luxury brand industry, it is also one of the most best-selling luxury brand companies in the world, with net sales reaching 2.1 billion in 2006 (Gamble). When a company like Coach decides to set up a product strategy for the next season, the manager will need to take the brand’s established style into account, since their incoming products must fit with the existing brand. When a manager, such as Lew Frankfort, chairman and CEO of Coach, Inc., aims to build a luxury brand like Coach, he invests millions of dollars in setting up a series of business strategies, including advertising on television, organizing fashion shows, and gaining the approval of fashion designers. These actions are decided based on how a luxury brand is built; essentially, the brand will guide the future steps of the company to a certain degree. Coach, Inc. is different from other more expensive luxury brands, such as Hermes, Prada, Fendi, and Louis Vuitton in the sense that Coach focuses more on middle-income consumers who want to purchase their hand bags from a price range of $200 to $500. Coach is the alternative to these competing companies, matching their key luxury products on quality and styling, while beating them on price by 50% or more (Gamble). 2) 2. What is competition like in the luxury goods industry? What competitive forces seem to have the greatest effect on industry attractiveness? The Luxury branding decision will influence an organization’s pricing decisions because its position is related to the product’s price. Take Coca Cola, for example. It is the most valuable brand in the world. The brand makers intend to compel everyone to drink Coca and provide a feeling of happiness. Thus, the price of the product will be cheap, since the brand is aimed at inducing the public’s joy. If the company sets the prices high, people may not be able to afford Coca Cola. Since the brand targets consumers of all backgrounds and income levels, it aims to market itself as a cheap beverage that tastes remarkable. This is how the brand is related to the pricing. Similarly, Coach, Inc. succeeds in maintaining a balance between affordable price and luxurious design. Coach is a less expensive luxury brand compared to its more expensive Italian and French counterparts. The type of brand will directly influence an organization’s distribution system, especially if it is a luxury brand, since the brand may tell people where the product is distributed. According to the website (americanessays.com) â€Å"Coca Cola has its own distribution channel including direct and indirect selling.† By using this strategy, Coca Cola is able to provide Coke all over the world. Coach, Inc. keyed into â€Å"accessible† luxury ladies’ handbags and leather accessories. The brand will influence a company’s promotion decision because of its nature. For a brand like Louis Vuitton, customers barely receive any discounts or find any promotions since it is a very well-known brand with French elegance. The company may not perform any promotions since it may hurt the brand. In contrast, a brand like Best Buy frequently holds promotions, usually every season or every month since this brand is meant to be economic. Thus, the company will execute promotions quite often. Coach, Inc. created its business model, which has different kinds of stores, including full-price stores, factory stores, wholesale department stores, and internet sales stores. Full-price stores sell the newest designer hand bags, leather accessories, fragrances, and women’s knitwear collections. Factory stores sell slightly out-of-season products. Coach, Inc. selects the highest quality materials to produce its products in order to maintain its reputation of exceptional quality. Under the manager’s marketing team, Coach launches new collections every month to attract customers to return and browse its product selection. On the other hand, customers can find their favorite handbags and accessories in factory stores at discounted prices. Coach has become the best-selling brand of women’s luxury handbags and leather accessories in the United States, with a 25% market share. Moreover, Coach is the second best-selling brand of those products in Japan, with an 8% market share. With its successful global business strategy, Coach, Inc. has rapidly grown in the last six years after its initial IPO in 2000 (Paul. 283). It attracts mostly middle-income consumers, who purchase its products rather than those of other name brands on the same price level. The growing desire for luxury goods in middleclass consumers is thought to be a result of a wide range of factors, including effective advertising and TV programming that glorifies conspicuous consumption. On the other hand, the demanding daily rigor of two-income households is thought to be another suggested factor. Additional factor are the rising sales of luxury goods and the growth of big box discounters, such as Wal-Mart and Target (Gamble). Therefore, in the contemporary market environment, should the company want to build its business successfully, the key points are great design, high quality, and luxury styling in an acceptable price range. If the company doesn’t adhere to those key points, it will lead itself to loss of its market share or bankruptcy. 3) 3. How is the market for luxury handbags and leather accessories changing? What are the underlying drivers of change and how might those driving forces change the industry? In the current luxury handbags and leather accessories market, any competing company faces two sets of challenges in continuing the development of its business and succeeding in growing its market share. First, when Coach, Inc. was founded in 1941, it was a small family-owned handbag business in New York City. After 44 years of family management with a steadily set price 50% lower than more luxurious brands, Coach was sold to Sara Lee. Coach continued to grow rapidly until the mid-1990s. Then, in an abrupt change of events, consumers quit purchasing Coach’s handbags in order to focus on French and Italian brands, such as Gucci, Prada, and Louis Vuitton. The company’s market share fell from 40% to a tragic 5%. Reed Krakoff, the top Tommy Hilfiger designer, was hired by Sara Lee to save the business that had more than half a century’s worth of history. In the beginning, Reed did the extensive consumer surveys and held focus groups to get the information of styling, comfort, and functionality preferences. After doing consumer surveys, Reed found that customers wanted handbags with edgier styling, softer leather, and leather-trimmed fabric. After six months, Coach launched redesigned, brand-new handbags to the market. Furthermore, Reed improved the appearance from dark, wood-paneled interiors design to a bring and air ambiance design. Reed planned to launch new collections every month instead of twice a year. Reed introduced the test models and the discontinued models sold at discounted price. After innovation, Coach sales continued to grow from $500 million in 1999 to more than $2.1 billion in 2006 (John E. Gamble). In addition, luxury brand name products face counterfeit goods, which threatened their market sales in current years. In 2006, more than $500 billion worth of counterfeit goods were sold all over the world. As a result, it seriously threatened the profit of name brand companies. Combating counterfeit goods requires the government to take a step to combat and convict intellectual property rights crimes. 4) 6. What are the resource strengths and weaknesses of Coach Inc.? What competencies and capabilities does it have that its chief rivals don’t have? What new market opportunities does Coach have? What threats do you see to the company’s future well-being? Coach, Inc. is the well known luxury brand of handbags and leather accessories which that originated in the United States. It should be more popular and widely-accepted by Americans since it is an American luxury brand. Furthermore, Coach, Inc. continues to attract consumers by launching new collections every month, marking up full-priced new products and over-seasonal products’ low price level. Those business characteristics hardly occur in its chief rivals, such as Hermes, Ralph Lauren, Prada, and Louis Vuitton. Therefore, it creates a long-term relationship with its customers. In recent years, Coach, Inc. has continued to expand and develop its business all over the world. For example, it builds more flagship stores in different countries. Moreover, Coach, Inc. tries to diversity its business. For example, Coach, Inc. now launches women’s knitwear collections, and ladies’ footwear. To the contrary, Coach, Inc. sets up too many stores in the nearby areas, which will hurt the luxury brand name’s reputation. If one can buy Coach’s products anywhere, will one still find Coach to be luxurious? The economy is now getting better and better. Companies will compensate their employees well, and grant them more buying powerful to purchase Coach’s products. However, the challenge of Coach, Inc. is to compete with other luxury French and Italian brand goods and to combat the threat of counterfeit goods (John E. Gamble). 5) 7. What recommendations would you make to Lew Frankfort to improve the company’s competitive position in the industry and its financial and market performance? In conclusion, Coach, Inc. is one of the most successful luxury brands of women’s handbags and leather accessories. Its products match key luxury rivals on quality and styling with pricing level focus on middle-income consumers (John E. Gamble). In the company’s future development, I would recommend that Lew Frankfort focus on market situations and customers’ perpetually-changing desires. It would be to his benefit to do market surveys prior to a new product’s creation. The company should set up stores only in locations where expansion is profitable. The company should follow current business models, such as different price levels, launch new collections every month, continue with high quality production, and provide excellent customer service, which can develop and reach higher level returns on shareholders’ equities. References: 1) Case 5. John E. Gamble. Page 238-97 2) Marketing Management (J. Paul Peter/James H. Donnelly, JR.) 3)http://www.americanessays.com/study-aids/free-essays/education/the-coca-cola-enterprises.php

Theory of Spontaneous Origin and Biogenesis Essays

Theory of Spontaneous Origin and Biogenesis Essays Theory of Spontaneous Origin and Biogenesis Paper Theory of Spontaneous Origin and Biogenesis Paper INTRODUCTION Robert. C. Gallagher once said: â€Å"Change is inevitable- except from a vending machine. † â€Å"Change† is the word the practically governs our world today. Everything is slowly and gradually changing, new technologies and opportunities boosting everywhere. But the underlying question which we all wishfully choose to ignore is â€Å"All the changes happening is for good only? † Ellen Glasgow once said: â€Å"All change is not growth, as all movement is not forward. † Such are the changes going on in the world which are definitely not for good. They are changes like floods, famines, earthquakes and many more natural disasters. Now it feels as though our Mother Earth is mocking at us and trying to teach us an important lesson as though how does it feel if we were tortured. If we were inflicted upon pain the same way we did to her. In all one thought does occur to all of us that is the world really ending? Are we going back to where it all started? But one more question is to be asked and it is WHERE did all this start? WHERE did earth come from? HOW did the life originate? HOW did we come to life? Some of the truth and myths of this â€Å"ORIGIN OF LIFE† Is further discussed in this project. Theory of spontaneous origin Introduction Charles Darwins theory of evolution on the origin of life proposes that some four billion years ago, inanimate chemicals developed completely by chance into highly complex, living, single-celled organisms. This process of life coming from non-life is called spontaneous generation. According to the theory, a single-celled organism eventually evolved into all the complex life forms on earth in a relentless struggle for resources. Every evolutionary theory of life’s origins is based on spontaneous generation. The evolutionary development of life on earth is commonly depicted as an evolutionary tree. If life did arise spontaneously and then evolve into increasingly complex life forms, then spontaneous generation represents the trunk of that evolutionary tree and the branches are the various species that evolved from these earlier forms. If the origin of life cannot be shown to be plausible by the interaction of matter, random chance, energy and time then the existen ce of an evolutionary tree is a dubious proposition at best. Without a trunk there can be no tree. Without spontaneous generation there can be no evolution. First Call The notion that life could arise from inanimate, non-living matter is not a recent idea. During the dark ages, people speculated that rats and flies arose spontaneously from garbage because they mysteriously appeared when garbage was left out. Others had noticed that when meat and broths were left exposed they became covered with maggots and microorganisms. These observations led some to believe that these life forms arose suddenly and spontaneously from non-living, inanimate matter. Louis Pasteur entered the debate in 1862 when he published the results of his experiments on the spontaneous generation of microorganisms in broths. Using glass flasks, Pasteur showed that previously boiled broths remained uncontaminated with microorganisms unless the neck of the flask was broken. Broken flasks quickly teemed with life as the broths became cloudy. He proved that microorganisms were transported through the air to the broth and not generated from the broth itself. The work of Pasteur seemingly ended the debate on the question of the sudden, spontaneous origin of life. By the end of the nineteenth century, the majority of scientists believed that spontaneous generation was not possible. Loyal Darwinists, however, insisted on spontaneous generation, recognizing that it was the foundation upon which evolutionary theory rests. Ernst Haeckel, one of the chief proponents of Darwinism, stated in 1876: If we do not accept the hypothesis of spontaneous generation, then at this one point in the history of evolution we must have recourse to the miracle of a supernatural creation. Reheated The spontaneous generation debate heated up again in 1924 when Russian biochemist, I. A. Oparin proposed that life had arisen from simpler molecules on the lifeless earth under much different atmospheric conditions than exist today. However, instead of life arising suddenly, as previous spontaneous generation theories proposed, Oparin believed that it occurred over a very long period of time. In 1929 English biologist J. B. S. Haldane published a paper in which he proposed that ultraviolet light, acting on a primitive atmosphere containing water, ammonia and methane produced oceans with the consistency of a hot dilute soup containing the building blocks of life. In the nineteenth century Ernst Haeckel argued that although spontaneous generation was not observable under the current conditions on earth, it did take place in the past under different chemical conditions. Oparin and Haldane made the first serious proposals regarding those conditions. In 1952 Harold Urey noted that most of the planets in our solar system, except earth, have an atmosphere which contains little or no free oxygen. Furthermore, Urey knew that the building blocks of life are quickly destroyed (oxidized) if they are exposed to an environment containing oxygen. Therefore, he concluded that spontaneous generation must have occurred on the early earth with an atmosphere consisting mainly of hydrogen, ammonia, methane and water vapor, but little or no molecular oxygen. Lightning, volcanic eruptions, sunlight, and deep oceanic volcanic vents are among the energy sources proposed to stimulate the necessary chemical reactions. It was presumed that the building blocks of life were made in the atmosphere and then gradually fell to earth eventually accumulating in the primeval ocean. Despite absolutely no geological evidence for the existence of this primeval soup the Oparin-Haldane-Urey theories became scientific dogma. These foundational assumptions have provided the framework for the modern theory of evolution for the last several decades. Another Atmosphere The atmospheric conditions proposed by Oparin, Haldane and Urey were radically different from what exists today. Because oxygen destroys the chemical building blocks of life, they speculated that the early earth had an oxygen-free atmosphere. However, in the last few decades, evidence has surfaced that has convinced most atmospheric scientists that the early atmosphere contained abundant oxygen. In the 1970’s Apollo 16 astronauts discovered that water is broken down into oxygen and hydrogen gas in the upper atmosphere when it is bombarded by ultraviolet radiation. This process, called photo dissociation, is an efficient process which would have resulted in the production of large quantities of oxygen in a relatively short time. Studies by the astronauts revealed that this process is probably a major source of oxygen in our current atmosphere. The assumption of an oxygen-free atmosphere has also been rejected on theoretical grounds. The ozone layer around planet earth consists of a thin but critical blanket of oxygen gas in the upper atmosphere. This layer of oxygen gas blocks deadly levels of ultraviolet radiation from the sun. Without oxygen in the early atmosphere, there could have been no ozone layer over the early earth. Without an ozone layer, all life on the surface of planet earth would face certain death from exposure to intense ultraviolet radiation. Furthermore, the chemical building blocks of proteins, RNA and DNA, would be quickly annihilated because ultraviolet radiation destroys their chemical bonds. It doesn’t matter if these newly formed building blocks are in the atmosphere, on dry ground, or under water. So evolutionists have a major dilemma. The chemical building blocks of life would be destroyed if oxygen was present, and they would be destroyed if it wasn’t! This catch 22 has been noted by evolutionist and molecular biologist Michael Denton: What we have then is a sort of ‘Catch 22’ situation. If we have oxygen we have no organic compounds, but if we don’t we have none either. Even if the building blocks of life could survive the effects of intense ultraviolet radiation and form life spontaneously, the survival of any subsequent life forms would be impossible in the presence of such heavy ultraviolet light. Ozone must be present to protect any surface life from the deadly effects of ultraviolet radiation from the sun. Finally, the assumption that there was no oxygen in the early atmosphere is not borne out by the geologic evidence. Geologists have discovered evidence of abundant oxygen content in the oldest known rocks on earth. Again, Michael Denton: Ominously, for believers in the traditional organic soup scenario, there is no clear geochemical evidence to exclude the possibility that oxygen was present in the Earth’s atmosphere soon after the formation of its crust. All of this evidence supports the fact that there was abundant oxygen on the early earth. However, with or without oxygen, evolution is in a no-win situation. Spontaneous generation could not have occurred either with oxygen- or without it! Another Ocean During the last two decades, the notion of a primordial soup has not fared too well either. Studies of the atmosphere, ultraviolet radiation, and the dilutional effect of a large body of water, have convinced many scientists that the ocean could not have developed into the hot dilute soup that was envisioned by Darwin, Oparin, and Haldane. Oparin envisioned the production of cellular building blocks in the atmosphere as a result of lightning. Once produced, these chemicals would theoretically build up in the primordial oceans and combine to form the first living systems. However, it has been estimated that it would take up to two years for amino acids to fall from the atmosphere into the ocean. This is a huge problem because even small amounts of ultraviolet radiation would destroy the building blocks before they reached the oceans. Furthermore, as we saw earlier, lack of ozone would further expedite this destruction. A problem seldom noted by textbooks is that the chemical reactions that create the building blocks of life are reversible. That is, the same energy sources that cause the formation of the building blocks of life will also destroy those same building blocks unless they are removed from the environment where they were created. In fact, the building blocks of life are destroyed even more efficiently than they are created. These problems have convinced researchers that the idea of a primordial soup is quite unlikely. Michael Denton comments on the lack of evidence for the primordial soup: Rocks of great antiquity have been examined over the past two decades and in none of them has any trace of abiotically produced organic compounds been found†¦Considering the way the pre-biotic soup is referred to in so many discussions of the origin of life as an already established reality, it comes as something of a shock to realize that there is absolutely no positive evidence for its existence. Equilibrium There is one other hurdle that must be successfully cleared if the evolutionist’s scenario on the origin of life is to have credibility. This is the problem of chemical equilibrium. In any broth or solution, there is the tendency for the materials to become evenly distributed with time. This tendency is called the development of equilibrium. For example, if a drop of red dye is put into a container of water the dye particles gradually disperse throughout the solution until the entire solution turns a dilute red color. The larger the volume of the solvent (i. e. , the water in the dye example), the more dilute will be the solution once the dye particles have become evenly distributed. This dilutional effect is irreversibly tied to time. As time advances, the dye particles become evenly distributed until the solution reaches a state of chemical equilibrium. Again the chemical reactions leading to the formation of DNA and proteins are reversible. This means that the building blocks of DNA and proteins are broken off of the chain just as easily as they are added. Consequently, the building blocks of life, if they survived the effects of oxygen and UV radiation, would constantly be combining and coming apart in the primordial soup. This combining and coming apart of chemical building blocks proceeds until a state of equilibrium is reached. In the case of amino acids and nucleotides, the building blocks of DNA and proteins will be predominantly unbounded when the solution is at equilibrium. Since the natural tendency for the building blocks of life is to disperse and remain un-bonded, the question evolutionists must answer is how did the building blocks of life become bonded and stay bonded in a primordial soup which is steadily progressing towards equilibrium? When confronted with the problem of equilibrium, most evolutionists will appeal to the magic ingredient of time. Nobel Laureate George Wald attempted to explain: Time is in fact the hero of the plot. Given so much time the impossible becomes possible, the possible probable, and the probable virtually certain. One has only to wait: Time itself performs the miracles. However, Dr. Blum, who is an evolutionist himself, points out that Wald’s faith in the miraculous ingredient of time is mere wishful thinking. Prolonged time periods, he asserts, actually worsen the dilemma: I think if I were rewriting this chapter [on the origin of life] completely, I should want to change the emphasis somewhat. I should want to play down still more the importance of the great amount of time available for highly improbable events to occur. One may take the view that the greater the time elapsed the greater should be the approach to equilibrium, the most probable state, and it seems that this ought to take precedence in our thinking over the idea that time provides the possibility for the occurrence of the highly improbable. According to Dr. Blum, the magic bullet of time does not increase the likelihood that chains of DNA or proteins will form by chance chemistry. In fact, increasing the time factor actually ensures that any primordial soup would consist of predominantly unbonded amino acids and nucleotides! The Odds During the last several decades a number of prestigious scientists have attempted to calculate the mathematical probability of the random-chance origin of life. The results of their calculations reveal the enormity of the dilemma faced by evolutionists. Dr. Blum estimated the probability of just a single protein arising spontaneously from a primordial soup. Equilibrium and the reversibility of biochemical reactions eventually led Blum to state: The spontaneous formation of a polypeptide of the size of the smallest known proteins seems beyond all probability. This calculation alone presents serious objection to the idea that all living matter and systems are descended from a single protein molecule which was formed as a ‘chance’ act. In the 1970’s British astronomer Sir Frederick Hoyle set out to calculate the mathematical probability of the spontaneous origin of life from a primordial soup environment. Applying the laws of chemistry, mathematical probability and thermodynamics, he calculated the odds of the spontaneous generation of the simplest known free 1 Consider this. The odds of winning a state lottery are about 1 chance in ten million. The odds of someone winning the state lottery every single week from age 18 to age 99 is 1 chance in 4. 6 x 1029,120. Therefore, the odds of winning the state lottery every week consecutively for eighty years is more likely than the spontaneous generation of just the proteins of an amoebae! A more detailed estimate for spontaneous generation has been made by Harold Morowitz, a Yale University physicist. Morowitz imagined a broth of living bacteria that was super-heated so that all the complex chemicals were broken down into their basic building blocks. After cooling the mixture, he concluded that the odds of a single bacterium re 2 In his book, Origins–A Skeptics Guide to the Creation of Life on Earth, Robert Shapiro gives a very realistic illustration of how one might estimate the odds of the spontaneous generation of life. Shapiro begins by allowing one billion years (5 x 1014 minutes) for spontaneous biogenesis. Next he notes that a simple bacterium can make a copy of itself in twenty minutes, but he assumes that the first life was much simpler. So he allows each trial assembly to last one minute, thus providing 5 x 1014 trial assemblies in 1 billion years to make a living bacterium. Next he allows the entire ocean to be used as the reaction chamber. If the entire ocean volume on planet earth were divided into reaction flasks the size of a bacterium we would have 1036 separate reaction flasks. He allows each reaction flask to be filled with all the necessary building blocks of life. Finally, each reaction chamber is allowed to proceed through one-minute trial assemblies for one billion years. The result is that there would be 1051 tries available in 1 billion years. According to Morowitz we need 10100,000,000,000 trial assemblies! Regarding the probabilities calculated by Morowitz, Robert Shapiro wrote: The improbability involved in generating even one bacterium is so large that it reduces all considerations of time and space to nothingness. Given such odds, the time until the black holes evaporate and the space to the ends of the universe would make no difference at all. If we were to wait, we would truly be waiting for a miracle. Regarding the origin of life, Francis Crick, winner of the Nobel Prize in biology, stated: An honest man, armed with all the knowledge available to us now, could only state that in some sense, the origin of life appears at the moment to be almost a miracle, so many are the conditions which would have had to have been satisfied to get it going. Regarding the probability of spontaneous generation, Harvard University biochemist and Nobel Laureate, George Wald stated: One has to only contemplate the magnitude of this task to concede that the spontaneous generation of a living organism is impossible. Yet we are here–as a result, I believe, of spontaneous generation. In this incredibly twisted statement, we see that Wald’s dogmatic adherence to the evolutionist’s paradigm is independent of the evidence. Wald’s belief in the impossible can only be explained by faith: †¦the substance of things hoped for, the evidence of things not seen. Despite these incredible odds and insurmountable problems, spontaneous generation is taught as a fact from grammar school to the university level. In fact, NASA reported to the press in 1991 their opinion that life arose spontaneously not once, but multiple times, because previous attempts were wiped out by cosmic catastrophes! Conclusion The overwhelming evidence is clear†¦spontaneous generation is an impossibility. It is a scientifically corrupt theory that, among other things, violates the Law of Biogenesis, which says that that life never arises except from life. Life simply cannot come from non-life. Since spontaneous generation is impossible, so then the foundation that evolution rests on has been shattered. Without spontaneous generation there can be no evolution. Despite scientific evidence to the contrary, however, there are those who continue to believe in evolution, and are therefore forced to accept and defend some form of spontaneous generation. The reason for this dogmatic adherence to spontaneous generation is eloquently pointed out by George Wald: When it comes to the origin of life there are only two possibilities: Creation or spontaneous generation. There is no third way. Spontaneous generation was disproved one hundred years ago, but that leads us to only one other conclusion, that of supernatural creation. We cannot accept that on philosophical grounds; therefore, we choose to believe the impossible: That life arose spontaneously by chance! According to Wald, it’s not about discovering the truth through the finding of fact, it’s not a matter of evidence, not a matter of science†¦it’s a matter of philosophy! Like George Wald, many people do not like the alternative: that all life on earth was created by God. So, as Wald said, they are willing to believe the impossible. Since the impossibility of spontaneous generation is a conclusion that leads to a supernatural creative act by God, it is a conclusion that many choose not to accept. It carries with it what are felt to be, in the present politically correct climate, undesirable philosophic and religious implications. It is for that unfortunate and illogical reason most scien tists continue to cling to the unscientific, disproved theory that life arose from non-life through spontaneous generation. Biogenesis is the law that living things come only from other living things, e. g. spider lays eggs, which develop into spiders. It may also refer to biochemical processes of production in living organisms. The biogenesis theory claims that all living things arise from living things. This theory of biogenesis is completely opposite from the spontaneous generation theory. In this article, we shall learn a bit about what is biogenesis theory. But before we go into the details of theory of biogenesis, let us understand the spontaneous theory of generation. Spontaneous Theory of Generation Long before 1900s, people believed that organisms could evolve from non living things. One of the early thinkers who believed that non-living things could spontaneously give rise to living things was Aristotle. For example, it was a common belief that logs gave rise to crocodiles, dirty sewers gave rise to rats, maggots came from dead bodies, wet soil lead to creation of toads, etc. This spontaneous theory of generation had a strong belief system among people over many centuries. What is Biogenesis Theory? An amateur microbiologist, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, observed small organisms in dirty water and some material he scrapped from his teeth. These organisms were called animalcules that we call as protozoans, today. This discovery took Europe by storm and scientists were thrilled to find these animalcules. The most pricking question in the minds of many was about the origin of these animalcules. This doubt had only one answer, spontaneous theory of generation. Over the years, many intelligent minds came up with theories that defied spontaneous generation theory. An Italian physician, Francesco Redi could prove in 1668 that life cannot evolve spontaneously. However, people who supported biogenesis did not think that Redis theory was applicable to microbes. Many other scientists continued their attempts to dissolve the pontaneous theory of generation. However, John Needham in 1745, added chicken broth to a flask and allowed it to cool. Then after few days, microbes did grow in the broth, and Needham proposed it a proof of spontaneous theory of generation. Needlam claimed that vital life is needed for spontaneous generation of animalcules. His claim was challenged by Lazzaro Spallanzani in 1768, wh o repeated the experiment in a sealed container. He found there was no growth in the container. Then, in 1858, Rudolf Virchow, a scientist challenged the spontaneous generation theory by proposing the theory of biogenesis. He stated, living cells can arise only from pre-existing living cells. This biogenesis theory partly explained the presence of animalcule under the microscope. However, without any concrete scientific evidence, Virchows biogenesis theory was not accepted by all. Louis Pasteur and Theory of Biogenesis Louis Pasteur was one of the most intelligent scientist of his time. He was the first to be able to prove the biogenesis theory. He proposed that the organisms that are not visible to the naked eye are present in air. However, he emphasized on the fact that air did not give rise to living things. He carried out an experiment that would dissolve the spontaneous theory of generation and prove the theory of biogenesis. In his experiment, Pasteur heated a number of short necked flasks that contained beef broth. After heating the flasks, he immediately sealed the mouths of some flasks and left a few unsealed. Then after a few days, microorganisms were observed in beef broth that was in flasks that were unsealed. The sealed flasks had no microorganisms present in the broth. This proved that the microorganisms were present in the air and could contaminate the beef broth without the seal. Now, to prove that air did not give rise to organisms, he demonstrated another experiment. He filled long-necked flasks with beef broth and the flasks were bent into S-shaped curves. These flasks were heated to kill any presence of life in the beef broth. Then he left the flasks as they were for a few days without sealing them. This way the air could reach the broth as it was not blocked. After a few days, Pasteur observed the beef broth and found no microorganisms in it. This showed that the air can access the broth, but the organisms are trapped in the S-shaped neck of the flask and thus are not able to reach it. You can read more on some interesting creation theories and learn about the human evolution. This simple and ingenious experiment was enough to break an age-old theory of spontaneous generation. The world could now understand the relevancy of biogenesis theory and that only a living thing can give rise to a living thing. Thus, the mystical belief of non living things giving rise to living things was shattered by a simple experiment by Louis Pasteur. In the end, the answer to the question what is biogenesis theory is that all living things will be created only from living things and no other process.

Media Coursework Report Essays

Media Coursework Report Essays Media Coursework Report Essay Media Coursework Report Essay For my AS Media coursework. I chose to utilize manner as the genre of my magazine. To assist with my pre-production. I had to execute my ain qualitative and quantitative research into manner magazines and happen out what my mark audience of 15-19 twelvemonth old misss would desire from it. I went on to make the preliminary merchandises which included the forepart screen and contents page. and from these the chief merchandises which were the alternate forepart screen and dual page spread. These were all produced utilizing Photoshop. I began by making a questionnaire. as this is an effectual manner of happening out what my mark audience will be looking for in a manner magazine. I included 8 inquiries which asked some general inquiries into what the participant is interested in. and some into what they would wish to see in a manner magazine. to assist me make my front screen and contents page. I gave 20 questionnaires out to other pupils aged 16-19 as this fits my mark audience. By analyzing the consequences of the questionnaire. I found out a scope of information to assist my design my front screen. The participants chose ?2. 50 as the appropriate monetary value and for the magazine to be produced monthly. which I will use when making the forepart screen. 80 % of participants said they would be more likely to pick up the magazine if there was a famous person on the screen. Therefore. I will inquire a friend to present as a famous person to do it more appealing to my mark audience. 50 % of participants wanted to see interviews in the magazine and 30 % wanted genre-specific characteristics ( in this instance. it will be manner. apparels etc. ) which I will do certain to include in the contents page. I formed a focal point group with other AS Media pupils in my category. They were all females. ranged from the ages 16-17. and had an involvement in manner. doing them representative of my mark audience. I asked them if I should set merely one image on the forepart screen. or add smaller 1s around the page to demo what’s included indoors. The feedback I received was really helpful. and led me to utilize merely the one chief exposure for my preliminary forepart screen and my chief front screen. to maintain the trade name consistent. This keeps it looking professional and stops the page from looking overcrowded and rubbishy. By textually analyzing manner magazines presently on the market. I discovered a revenant subject among them. The bigger magazines ( Vogue. Elle ) have been around for much longer. and their screen stars overlap the flag. However. when analyzing Look. I noticed that the flag overlapped the screen star. proposing that this magazine is new and lesser known. From this. I decided to hold the whole flag of my magazine seeable by audiences for my preliminary forepart screen as it is new and allows audiences to recognize the trade name in future. I so chose to overlap portion of the flag on my chief front screen with the screen star. as it is a ulterior issue and audiences should so be able to recognize it. The content analysis allowed me to see what’s included in manner magazines. This helped when roll uping the contents page. Obviously the chief portion of a manner magazine is the manner itself. However. it besides includes points related to hair and beauty. interviews. articles. advice and particular characteristics. I made certain to include all of these when planing my contents page. but I chose to maintain the chief focal point on manner. I decided to aim my magazine towards adolescent misss aged between 15 and 19. I thought this was a good scope. as misss in their teens will hold a more developed sense of manner. From my institutional research. I discovered that many manner magazines were targeted towards adult females in their 20s and 30s. and decided to take mine at a adolescent audience. Audiences for manner magazines such as Vogue and Elle were preponderantly female ; therefore it was of import to include points in the contents and on the screen that would pull a female audience. I besides tried to utilize feminine colorss where appropriate in the magazine to bespeak the mark audience. I besides made certain my focal point group was a good representation of my mark audience. therefore doing certain they had a clear involvement in manner and suit the age class. which they did. I created my preliminary and chief merchandises utilizing Adobe Photoshop which had all the necessary tools I needed to make a realistic and professional magazine. By comparing my magazine in relation to Vogue. I am able to see the strengths and failings of my production. I began by choosing the images I would utilize for each page. I used a Fujifilm Finepix S2950 to capture the exposure. The theoretical accounts used direct manner of reference as this is the most effectual manner of pulling the audience. I used a hairdryer to make the consequence of air current blowing the model’s hair. I chose to utilize an image with a light background. with a theoretical account have oning spring vesture. I think this helped to do the screen expression more professional as Vogue frequently incorporates the colors of the magazine to suit the season. I increased the contrast of the image to do it look brighter and more appealing. I so went on to make whiffs around the image. and used merely Century Gothic’ fount to maintain it simple and sophisticated. I used a dark blue for the text as it contrasted good with the pink vesture that the theoretical account wore. I made certain to include little inside informations as good. including the saloon codification. monetary value and day of the month to do the merchandise more realistic. I was really pleased with the result of my preliminary forepart screen as it looked professional in relation to magazines on the market today. and had a similar manner to that of Vogue magazine. My following undertaking was the contents page. and from the research I did I was able to see what needed to be included. I wanted to maintain it consistent. and so I used the same flag from the forepart screen and used it at the top of the contents page. This was used in InStyle’s contents page. I besides used the same color strategy as the forepart screen. to demo that the two are related. I kept the text in columns and split the content into subdivisions. which is what I noticed InStyle and Vogue did when I researched them. I besides noticed in the Vogue contents page that there was some information about the forepart screen image. so I decided to include that in my ain. with information on where to purchase the apparels. I was rather pleased with the consequence of my contents page. as I spent a batch of clip on it. However. I felt that there was excessively much white infinite that could hold been filled in. It may hold been a good thought to add in some boundary lines to give the page some deepness. For the alternate screen. I made certain I kept the same font manner and size for my flag. This is because it is of import to maintain the trade name recognisable. I asked my focal point group if this was a good thought and they agreed. stating it would maintain it consistent and professional. All magazines do this. but manner magazines such as Vogue and Elle frequently change the coloring material every month to suit with the subject. I have decided to make the same in my ain production. by altering the coloring material of the flag and the whiffs to a maroon coloring material. to bind in with the month and season. It besides contrasted good with the screen model’s bluish frock. Like Vogue. I made certain I kept three whiffs around the borders of the chief image. to halt them from overlapping. I am truly pleased with the result of this as I think it could go through as a existent magazine. I so went on to make the dual page spread in A3 size. and selected my image to cover the whole background. This meant there was no white infinite left around the borders. but there was still infinite to set some text. I wanted the image to take up dominant infinite on the page to catch the reader’s oculus. which is what I noticed was used in Vogue’s dual page spread. I brightened the image and removed some defects on the theoretical account to seek and make a unflawed image. as flawlessness is one of the chief merchandising points for a manner magazine. I set the text out in two columns. as this is the layout that most magazines use. including Vogue. I used Rage Italic’ for the headline. which is what I used for the headline on the screen. to maintain a consistent house manner. I besides added page Numberss to the bottom corners. as these little inside informations help to construct up a realistic merchandise. I feel that my magazine is really similar to a professional merchandise and would stand out in the market topographic point. It follows the codifications and conventions of a typical manner magazine. and is aesthetically delighting for the mark audience. If I were to alter anything. I would do the forepart screen masthead somewhat larger. to do it more attention-getting.

A Study On HNC Social Care Social Policy Essay Essays

A Study On HNC Social Care Social Policy Essay Essays A Study On HNC Social Care Social Policy Essay Essay A Study On HNC Social Care Social Policy Essay Essay Valuess are criterions and principals by which we live our lives. These criterions are many and frequently depend on people`s background e.g. Culture, category, faith, gender, age. Valuess are highly single attitudes that direct people`s responses to the universe around them. Amongst some of the values I live my life by and regard are privateness leting me to hold infinite to myself and esteeming the fact that others may want privateness, to be safe and besides leting others the same, holding self regard, being trusty, being non judgmental, being anti discriminatory, respect life and religion, value freedom and equality, value pick and others points of position. I have learned to populate my life this manner from my parents and their households. The schools and church where I was taught, espoused the values of human self-respect, solidarity for the common good, charity, and the household, all of which I continue to keep beloved. I hence try to guarantee that I treat people the manner I would wish to be treated. Because of these values, I am able to work merrily alongside the organisation I volunteer for, as their policies and processs represent many of these common values. We guarantee the right to self-respect, pick, regard, privateness, and protection. I must see my clients beliefs and penchants. I presently volunteer as a Befriender for a group that helps grownups with larning disablements become included within the community through socialisation, by fiting Befriendees with supportive Befrienders. I, as a voluntary for this organisation, provide their service participants with the chance to take a full and fulfilling portion in their community. I besides help to raise consciousness of issues impacting grownups with larning troubles in community engagement. I did this in a major manner by take parting in the aggregation and presentation of our request to the Scots Parliament to bespeak that Befriending is to be financed with nucleus support. Although Befriending, to assist societal inclusion was briefly mentioned as a agency of back uping grownups with larning disablements in â€Å"Same as you Strategy†2000, this article has neer been defined by the authorities as a nucleus service to be provided by councils. As a consequence, Befriending for Adults with Learning Disabilities has seldom been financed or delivered by statutory services. However, the societal work section is the chief agencies of referral to our organisation and so for the minute receive this service free, financed by charitable contributions. I feel this is a signifier of statutory favoritism against our client group and trust our request resolves this state of affairs. This request has received a positive reaction from the requests commission and is still traveli ng through the commission processes. The nucleus values of our administration are underpinned by the National Care Standards, which were set up under the Regulation of Care ( Scotland ) Act 2001. This Act came about to modulate the attention and societal work force and set out the principals of good attention pattern. The Care Commission was set up under this Act to register, modulate, and inspect all attention services listed in the Act. It besides established The Scottish Social Services Council ( SSSC ) . The SSSC has purposes and aims to protect the service users, rise criterions, strengthen, and support work force professionalism. There are six chief criterions laid down in National Care Standards that are at the Centre of any attention pattern. Dignity â€Å"making person feel worthy and impressive† as defined in the Oxford English Dictionary. I guarantee that I give self-respect by esteeming persons for who they are. I recognise all persons are different and I am sensitive and cognizant of this. Privacy and confidentiality is the demand and right to privacy. The rule of confidentiality between me and the service user is built on common regard and trust. Confidentiality is farther reinforced by the Data Protection Act 1998. This allows our service users to see any information that is held on them. I must guarantee that this information is held firmly in a locked filing cabinet. Any information I write in an activity program must be true, factual, and accurate with my sentiments to be nonsubjective. Choice means giving and explicating different options to persons. I support our service users by promoting their right to take. By offering they limited options that will promote them to look at positive options within a safe environment. Safety means that I must guarantee my service user when in my attention, is protected from injury and maltreatment. If I suspect or observe that injury and maltreatment has or is taking topographic point, against a service user, I must describe the incident in an Incident Report Form within 36 hour of the episode to my line director. I besides complete a hazard appraisal signifier before any activity. Gaining Potential ensures that I must let my service users the opportunity to take to accomplish things great and little within their abilities. These nucleus values are represented within our administrations policies and processs. To guarantee client safety we have a Health and Safety Policywhich is designed to follow with the Health and Safety at work Act 1974. Hazard Appraisals are used on a day-to-day footing before an activity to guarantee that the staff and clients are safe on the premises. We besides have Accident and Incident Reporting processs which are required under the Reporting of Injuries, Diseases, and Dangerous Occurrences Regulation 1995 ( RIDDOR ) , Social Security Regulations 1979 ( SRR ) , Data Protection Act, to be reportedin an efficient mode. I must finish relevant signifiers and study to my line director. If an event requires describing straight to RIDDOR the records should be kept firmly for at least three old ages. Our Equalities policy complies with the Sex Discrimination Act 1975 and 1986, the Race Relations Act of 1976 and the Race Relation Amendments Regulations of 2003, the Disability Discrimination Act 1995. Our organisation opposes all signifiers of unjust and improper favoritism on the evidences of coloring material, race, faith, nationality, societal background, gender, sexual orientation, matrimonial position, age and disablement. It besides promotes the rule of equal chances in paid employment, voluntary work, and service proviso. Although it is of import to use positive values within my pattern, it is sometimes hard to make so. Giving person pick demands to be balanced by guaranting that this pick is safe and positive. Giving Adults with Learning Disabilities excessively many picks can do confusion and sometimes fear. So I give limited positive picks to guarantee that this does non go on. Safety issues can besides restrict picks, as under the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 and National Care Standards it is of import that I guarantee my client is safe from injury and maltreatment. If a hazard appraisal shows that an activity is non suited to the client because of safety issues so the pick of making that peculiar activity is reduced. The values conflicting here are my clients wellness and safety and his right to pick. Privacy and confidentiality is dealt with in our Confidentiality policy. Our organisation requires information about clients, voluntaries, staff other organisations and our ain organisation. I am hence committed to guaranting that all information is stored safely which besides allows appropriate retrieval. Confidential stuff must be kept in a locked cabinet. Volunteers are merely able to see files â€Å"on a demand to cognize footing only† . Computer entree is limited to authorised staff and information backed up. All of these policies are compatible with the Data Protection Act 1998.If a client discloses something to me and inquire me non to state anyone so I must esteem his/her wants as a affair of trust. However, sometimes this can be hard, particularly if maltreatment is disclosed. Under these fortunes I am obliged to state him/her that I understand his/her demand for confidentiality, but the fortunes require me to rede my line director in authorship and that this will be in his/her best involvements and to seek non to worry. The values conflicting here are protection from injury and maltreatment and confidentiality. As we do non provide a attention service, w e are non required to register with the Care Commission, but we guarantee all our policies and processs meet their criterions. As all clients under these criterions are lawfully allowed an individualized attention program, we alternatively have an activity program. To guarantee no favoritism takes place the client is assessed utilizing ( Ref1 ) PIES. We take into history, our clients Physical demands, Intellectual needs, Emotional needs, and Social demands. Needs were foremost described as demands for our endurance in the theoretical account put frontward by ( Ref 2 ) Abraham Maslow, a Humanist Psychologist. He stated that human demands can be arranged in a step ladder pyramid and that the lower degree demands must be satisfied before higher degrees can be met. Get downing from the basic psychological demand, so traveling to safety and security, societal, esteem, and self- realization. He suggested that non fulfilling these needs the individual could go defeated and emotionally hard-pressed, with perchance poorness and crisis taking topographic point. He besides suggested that these demands must be met in order. Prejudice as ( Ref3 ) defined in the Collins dictionary â€Å"is an unreasonable disfavor of a peculiar group of people or things, or a penchant for a one group of people or things over another† . Prejudice is caused by a deficiency of apprehension of something, doing the incorrect feeling to be created. ( Ref4 ) The Functionalist positions province that society can be likened to the human organic structure, with different variety meats ( establishments ) holding different maps yet all working together to maintain the organic structure ( society ) alive. The negative facets of favoritism harmonizing to the functionalists province that it exacerbates poorness and offense, that society fails to utilize the resources of all persons, discourages good will, and deter the declaration of differences. These negative facets can supply occupations by holding to use constabulary officers, justness system, and civil retainers. Although non to be encouraged, the functionalists province tha t the positive facets of prejudice keep people in their proper topographic point within society and deter them from oppugning their topographic point within society. The functionalists believe that it is normal for one group to be superior to the other, that society is unequal and competition within society is natural. Discrimination happens when one group does non desire to hold another group change their set functions. Changes in the economic system can see prejudice impacting those in poorness because other groups may experience that the benefit system budget is being abused by those who are out of work. Prejudice can be seen in my client group, which has a definite demand of the benefit system. Working with people with larning disablements has shown me that bias arises amongst some of the local community. This is a little subdivision of the community pre- judgment those with learning disablements through deficiency of cognition and so they hold unfavorable positions or sentiments towards people who are different and so blustery can take topographic point. Adults with learning disablements are a subdivision of society that tends non to be able to stand up for themselves. They rely on household, societal workers, protagonism workers, and support workers to rede them on their rights, picks, and duties. Unfortunately, through no mistake of their ain, some subdivisions of this community may non have this relevant information. They do non have the attention, benefits, and advice that they need, or they do non have the statutory services they deserve. This can be caused by certain people denying our client group their rights and so know apart against them. Harassment, intimidation, and hate offenses of those with learning disablements takes topographic point in many countries. The recent decease of a female parent and girl burned to decease in England after legion menaces and torment is an inordinate illustration and consequence of favoritism. Discrimination takes topographic point through fright, misinterpretation, misinformation, and so every bit good as Torahs against favoritism, we need to educate and supply preparation against it. To seek to guarantee that the incident that took topographic point does non go on in our community, our organisation is involved in supplying a preparation service to the community. I have taken portion in preparation to seek to educate young persons from the local secondary school about Learning Disabilities. This resulted in them going equal voluntaries to younger kids with Learning Disabilities from the local school for autistic kids. A music group was set up to convey these two groups of childs together, with positive consequences. ( Ref 5 ) Adults with Learning Disabilities are more likely to develop wellness jobs. Therefore, without support, they may non be able to do their feelings known and so screening and or intervention may be denied. The demand for support to let them to take as normal a life as their abilities allow and to entree services, has a fiscal cost to society. The belief that people with larning disablements, are a fiscal load to society, and non supplying relevant support is grounds of discrimination.Their ailment wellness has my client group grownups with larning disablements trusting on benefits. Therefore, being able to afford the usage of conveyance and taking portion in societal activities are reduced for those who are on benefits. This is more apparent in those with larning disablements in rural countries. They are socially excluded and marginalized, through the deficiency of low-cost and regular conveyance services. The opportunities of employment for this group of persons are rare as most do non hold the capacity to prosecute in work and so they will go on to populate on benefits. Psychologically that can ensue in depression, low self- regard, defeat, or anger. Causing their behavior to be affected, by them going withdrawn or violent. Through statute law, societal attention organisations now have to be more accountable and have increasing duties to compose and keep policy and processs. These have to follow with current statute law and exist to protect people`s rights and guarantee quality services are provided. Our policies and processs must hold specific guidelines, for illustration, they cover confidentiality and privateness, equal chances, wellness and safety, maltreatment policies, lone working patterns, activity planning and reappraisals and hazard appraisal and direction. I have a duty to read the organisations policy and processs exhaustively and incorporate them into my pattern. I should question any uncertainnesss and describe any violations. If I am uneasy about the pattern of others within the organisation or within any other bureau I come into contact with, I must describe to my line director and seek advice. My director has a duty to bring forth these policies and processs guaranting they incorporate current statute law. Management ensures that staff and service users have easy entree to them. Discussion and contemplation of policies and processs to guarantee they are justified and explained to staff is encouraged. I receive continued preparation, support, and supervising and engage in partnership working with relevant bureaus. Mentions. 1. Elizabeth Bingham + . ( 2009 ) . Social Care: Group Award Graded Unit. In: Heinemann HNC in Social Care. Edinburgh: Heinemann. 147. 2. Elizabeth Bingham + . ( 2009 ) . Psychological positions and Theories on development and demands. In: Heinemann HNC in Social Care. Edinburgh: Heinemann. 86-89. 3. hypertext transfer protocol: //dictionary.reverso.net/english-cobuild/prejudice 4. Eliz Bingham + ( 2009 ) . HNC in Social Care. Edinburgh: Heinemann. 112 5. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.learningdisabilities.org.uk/media/news-releases/news releases-2005/14-july-2005/ ? locale=en

Marketing Audit of ARAMEX company Research Paper

Marketing Audit of ARAMEX company - Research Paper Example This business model is in stark contrast to other companies which invest heavily in procuring assets such as aircraft and fleets of vehicles. This strategy of differentiation has significantly contributed to the success of the company in its business since it has a strong customer base. Though there are positive signs of growth of the company, it has been noted that it should take certain measures into consideration in order to improve its business. Therefore, it has been recommended that the company should ensure that it adequately trains the managers so that they can cope with the new demands of managing new business acquisitions. . It has also been recommended that the company should invest in infrastructural development such as building warehouses given that this segment of business is the most profitable compared to other segments.This paper is designed to carry out a marketing audit for Aramex Company which operates in the transport and logistics sector. The paper is divided in to various sections and it starts by outlining the historical background of the company. The main part of the paper will analyse the environmental factors that impact on the operations of the company in this sector of the industry which is characterised by stiff competition. The paper will also outline and discuss the strategies used by the company in order to gain a competitive advantage in its operations. ... The main part of the paper will analyse the environmental factors that impact on the operations of the company in this sector of the industry which is characterised by stiff competition. The paper will also outline and discuss the strategies used by the company in order to gain a competitive advantage in its operations. The last part of the paper will outline suggested recommendations that should be implemented by the company in order for it to sustain its operations in a competitive manner. 1.1 Background information about Aramex â€Å"Aramex is a leading global provider of comprehensive logistics and transportation solutions and it was established in 1982 as an express operator. The company also rapidly evolved into a global brand recognized for its customized services and innovative multi-product offering,† (Aramex, 2012). It currently employs more than 12,300 people in over 353 locations across 60 countries, and has a strong presence across the whole globe. According to Aw an (2008), Aramex specialises in six different categories of business outlined below. International express delivery This service is meant for retail and wholesale delivery and this segment includes companies, banks as well as other retail stores. The packages delivered range up to 50 Kg and the customers can track their consignment through the company’s website. Freight Forwarding These services include air, land and sea transport and the route mainly involves all major cities. . Logistics These services include warehousing, inventory management as well as supply chain management and they are offered in the Middle East and North Africa regions Awan (2008). These services can still be tracked using the company website. Domestic

Marketing Plan for Nintendo Wii Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Marketing Plan for Nintendo Wii - Research Paper Example Nintendo was introduced to the video game industry in 1985 only to become a great hit within the people of all age groups. It rejuvenated the gaming industry single-handedly. From the inception, the company was always on the run to improve its product technology while maintaining low price levels on the other. This strategy was well accepted by the general public that it catered to economical entertainment. Thus its sales have surged into millions within a short span of time. Recently it introduced Wii which has several advanced features with a built in wi-fi capability. The company is now on the plan for implementing a strategic marketing plan which would be most beneficial for its running in the future. (Anon., 2010). Background analysis Organizational background: Nintendo was originally a Japanese playing card company which introduced its entertainment system in U.S. Today, it has its presence in over 20 countries covering Asia Pacific, Europe and America. Its customers range from 5-120 years of age. Most of them however are youngsters. (Armstrong. M., 2006). The crucial part of Nintendo’s success was its perfect planning and timing. It released its gaming videos in 1985, when the whole video gaming industry crashed totally. (Cooper.R.G., 2001), (Anon., 2005). This is similar to the research undertaken to identify aggressive competitor’s attacks on market leaders. According to the research, a competitor is said to be above-normal aggressive if he moves into new markets geographically, compete with leader’s brands, enter for the first time into the market and increase advertising expenditures.

Farewell my concubine Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Farewell my concubine - Movie Review Example We see how the Communists push down actors and homosexuals to the bottom of the Chinese social ladder. Before the rise of Communism, actors enjoyed prestige in China and there were no rules against homosexuality as well. However, Communism placed an emphasis on conformity which threatened both the acting profession and homosexuality. It is this blunt and horrifying treatment to which actors and homosexuals are subjected by the Communists which served to put a ban on the film upon its release. Political changes brought on by the rise of Communism in China during the mid-20th century adversely affected sexual identities. â€Å"Farewell my concubine† fearlessly explores the homophobic anxiety brought in the Chinese society by the Communists which earlier had never been recognized as a solid sexual problem. A gay or queer identity in some form has existed throughout the history of China, but the dawn of Communism served to eliminate homosexuals from the Chinese society. Before the introduction of these political changes, the Chinese society was quite tolerant of homosexuality and same-sex desire did not meet with cruel treatment. Sexual diversions with other men or women outside of marriage were generally accepted or ignored as long as one married and reproduced. As homophobia picked momentum everywhere in the world in the early 20th century, China in contrast became more attractive for homosexual men. But, all of that changed when China went through political changes later. This is because the Chinese environment which was one characterized by freedom began to be known for its oppressiveness. This is considered by many to be the greatest Chinese film of all time because of its brave exploration of the most disturbing fields in the Chinese history which is related to the Communism. China is ruled by a Communist party which is why the film was banned because it

Success in Social Commerce Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Success in Social Commerce - Research Paper Example By the end, we draw the growth pattern of social commerce chronologically on the basis of business articles and educational publications starting from 2005 to 2011. A structure that unites people, administration, expertise, and the information scope is used to present an organized study of the progress of social commerce. Our assessment portrays that from 2005, the year the terminology social commerce had begun to be used, suppositions and perception of individual in social commerce moved from a universal depiction of human nature to an intensive research with diverse perspectives from social psychology to social culture, and economic environments. According to the administrative aspect, business plans and model develop from the short-tail to long-tail thinking with innovative notions such as branded social communities, forte social networks/communities, niche brands along with joint purchasing, and multichannel social systems (Wang & Zhang, 2012). According to our assessment, the ni che social networks/communities give power to smaller businesses in the cut throat commerce world. Success in Social Commerce Introduction Alongside the attractiveness and profitable achievement of social networking sites and different kinds of social channels, the term social commerce was envisaged in the year 2005, portraying a rising phenomenon (Beisel, 2006). For argument sake, we precisely define social commerce as a type of business that is arbitrated by social media. Social commerce uses social channels that assist social communication and involvement of the users to support activities in the business of different products and services conducted both online and offline (Afrasiabi & Benyoucef, 2010). It signifies prospective business opportunities that merge shopping and social networking via social media. The social media users enjoy many online activities that are similar to the offline activity mode, the online difference being the mode of attaining the activities, such as online shopping, online interaction with friends and so on. The challenge for the social media is to give a satisfactory experience to online users so that they switch to the online mode of shopping and socializing. Referral economy is a new category of e-commerce that is basically gaining from the positive aspects of information technology (Harkin, 2007). Discussion Social commerce where vendors advertise through social networks or intensely incorporate social media into the purchase procedure is already consumed by several major brands globally. Many brands advertise their products and services on the social media platforms and with this advertisement they are able to reach a wide audience. It is little in terms of profits but has a vivid – although uncertain – future (Brito, 2011). In technological terms, IT competencies and potential for social commerce develops from blogs, to social networking sites, to sites that share media and to smart phones. Despite the fact that Facebook becomes a moneymaking platform, developing the idea of f-commerce, Google and Twitter became tough competitors with immense possibilities as well (Gordon, 2007). The competition level in the social media platforms is immense and each social media platform has to provide some unique feature which is not present in other platforms.

The Gender Roles And Working Culture In The Nursing Industry Essay - 4

The Gender Roles And Working Culture In The Nursing Industry - Essay Example Workplace culture and gender roles have been changing very radically in the past few decades. For instance, workplace roles traditionally associated with men or those ascribed to females have seen a shift in acceptance of the opposite gender. More women are taking up roles that were traditionally reserved for men (Mills, 2002). At the same time, men are also venturing into career lines that were assumed best suited for women. For instance, nursing was for a long time considered the preserve of women. Recently, more men have taken up nursing as a profession and can be found in many health facilities across the world (Cross & Baglihole, 2002). Meanwhile, it is not always easy for men to venture in professions culturally considered the preserve of women such as nursing. This essay explores the gender roles and working culture in the nursing industry with regards to sharing of roles among male and female nurses. The traditional nursing industry has been stereotyped in favour of women. Un known to many quarters, this was not always the case. In fact, the domination of women in the nursing profession only began to emerge in the 1800s with largely unskilled female nurses providing the essential medical services. As early as 250 B.C. E nursing schools existed but admitted only men for training (Thompson, 2014). The oldest documented nursing school is believed to have been set up in India, which also recruited male students to care for the sick. In continental Europe, nursing services were provided by Christian organizations such as churches. For instance, when the Bubonic plague broke out in Europe, church organizations took over the role of caring for the sick and disposing of the dead. The Benedictine Nursing Order established by St. Benedict, as well as the Knights Hospitallers, are some of the earliest nursing institutions.