Terrorism And Lethality Essays - Terrorism, Definitions Of Terrorism

Terrorism And Lethality Although the total volume of terrorist incidents world-wide has declined in the 1990s, the proportion of persons killed in terrorist incidents has steadily risen. For example, according to the RAND-St Andrews University Chronology of International Terrorism,5 a record 484 international terrorist incidents were recorded in 1991, the year of the Gulf War, followed by 343 incidents in 1992, 360 in 1993, 353 in 1994, falling to 278 incidents in 1995 (the last calendar year for which complete statistics are available).6 However, while terrorists were becoming less active, they were nonetheless becoming more lethal. For example, at least one person was killed in 29 percent of terrorist incidents in 1995: the highest percentage of fatalities to incidents recorded in the Chronology since 1968--and an increase of two percent over the previous year's record figure.7 In the United States this trend was most clearly reflected in 1995 bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City. Since the turn of the century, fewer than a dozen of all the terrorist incidents committed world-wide have killed more than a 100 people. The 168 persons confirmed dead at the Murrah Building ranks sixth on the list of most fatalities caused this centuryin a single terrorist incident--domestic or international.8 The reasons for terrorism's increasing lethality are complex and variegated, but can generally be summed up as follows: The growth in the number of terrorist groups motivated by a religious imperative; The proliferation of "amateurs" involved in terrorist acts; and, The increasing sophistication and operational competence of "professional" terrorists. Religious Terrorism The increase of terrorism motivated by a religious imperative neatly encapsulates the confluence of new adversaries, motivations and rationales affecting terrorist patterns today. Admittedly, the connection between religion and terrorism is not new.9 However, while religion and terrorism do share a long history, in recent decades this form particular variant has largely been overshadowed by ethnic- and nationalist-separatist or ideologically-motivated terrorism. Indeed, none of the 11 identifiable terrorist groups10 active in 1968 (the year credited with marking the advent of modern, international terrorism) could be classified as "religious."11 Not until 1980 in fact--as a result of the repercussions from the revolution in Iran the year before--do the first "modern" religious terrorist groups appear:12 but they amount to only two of the 64 groups active that year. Twelve years later, however, the number of religious terrorist groups has increased nearly six-fold, representing a quarter (11 of 48) of the terrorist organisations who carried out attacks in 1992. Significantly, this trend has not only continued, but has actually accelerated. By 1994, a third (16) of the 49 identifiable terrorist groups could be classified as religious in character and/or motivation. Last year their number increased yet again, no to account for nearly half (26 or 46 percent) of the 56 known terrorist groups active in 1995. The implications of terrorism motivated by a religious imperative for higher levels of lethality is evidenced by the violent record of various Shi'a Islamic groups during the 1980s. For example, although these organisations committed only eight percent of all recorded international terrorist incidents between 1982 and 1989, they were nonetheless responsible for nearly 30 percent of the total number of deaths during that time period.13 Indeed, some of the most significant terrorist acts of the past 18 months, for example, have all had some religious element present.14 Even more disturbing is that in some instances the perpetrators' aims have gone beyond the establishment of some theocracy amenable to their specific deity,15 but have embraced mystical, almost transcendental, and divinely-inspired imperatives16 or a vehemently anti-government form of "populism" reflecting far-fetched conspiracy notions based on a volatile mixture of seditious, racial and religious dicta.17 Religious terrorism18 tends to be more lethal than secular terrorism because of the radically different value systems, mechanisms of legitimisation and justification, concepts of morality, and Manichean world views that directly affect the "holy terrorists'" motivation. For the religious terrorist, violence first and foremost is a sacramental act or divine duty: executed in direct response to some theological demand or imperative and justified by scripture. Religion, therefore functions as a legitimising force: specifically sanctioning wide scale violence against an almost open-ended category of opponents (e.g., all peoples who are not members of the religious terrorists' religion or cult). This explains why clerical sanction is so important for religious terrorists19 and why religious figures are often required to "bless" (e.g., approve) terrorist operations before they are executed. "Amateur" Terrorists The proliferation of "amateurs" involved in terrorist acts has also contributed to terrorism's increasing lethality. In the past, terrorism was not just a matter of having the

Historically women in Rome

Historically women in Rome were never given the opportunity to speak their minds. All of the historical documents that are used to portray roman life where created by men. ...through the erotic and satirical poetry of the late Republic and early Empire, all written by men; through the historians and biographers, all men most of them unable to resist the salacious and the scandalous; through the letter writers and philosophers, all men; through painting and sculpture, chiefly portrait of statues, inscribed tombstones, and religious monuments of all kinds; and through innumerable legal texts. Men expected women, to stay at home, to take care of their children and husbands. A women who did so, was considered the ideal wife. In Ancient Greece women were viewed by society in very similar ways as in Rome. The only thing a freeborn Athenian woman could call her own was her reputation, which depended on good behavior. Her father would marry her at age fourteen or fifteen. Her days were spent dutifully spinning, weaving, dyeing clothes, cooking, bearing and raising children, and, above all, on not interfering in the serious business of life as conducted by the men. A woman was expected to stay home and keep quiet. Nor could women testify in a court of law. She could not go out shopping, ...for respectable married women did not go out shopping in fifth-century Athens. That job was left for the men and slaves. One of the few times an Athenian woman could go out was to the Thesmophoria festival. ...one of several festivals celebrated in honor of feminine deities. During these festivals a woman could leave the seclusion of her own house without arousing suspicious comment. Many men saw the Thesm! as excessive drinking sprees. In early Rome, women didnt even get individual names. They were given family names with a feminine ending. Sisters often shared names and were distinguished by &...

Psychology Lession3 and Part 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Psychology Lession3 and Part 2 - Essay Example In the former, the response is a reflex, whereas in the latter, the response is nothing but a neutral piece of behaviour which has occurred previously. In operant conditioning, the event between the response and the reinforcement is unforeseen, whereas in classical conditioning, there is no such event. No environmental consequences are seen with classical conditioning unlike in operant conditioning. Also, the response in classical conditioning is involuntary and that in operant conditioning is voluntary. Example of classical conditioning: A cologne may result in intense emotion, but this is not due to the smell of the cologne but because the smell was previously associated with that particular emotion. 1. Recall: In this type of memory retrieval the information will be accessed without being cued with any memory part. A good example of this type of memory retrieval is answering fill-up-the-blank questions. 2. Recollection: In this memory retrieval reconstruction of memory occurs with the utilization of certain logical structures, partial memories and narratives. A good example of recollection type of memory retrieval is answering an essay question in exam. 3. Recognition: Identification of information after re-experiencing is known as recognition. A good example of this type of retrieval is answering a multiple choice question where you recognize the answer after seeing it in one of the choices. 4. Relearning: In this type, the information which is already learnt is relearnt, thus making it easier to remember the information and retrieve it more easily. This type of memory retrieval strengthens the memory. Disruption of memory retrieval can be explained by decay theory. According to this theory, traces of memory begin to fade and gradually disappear over a period of time. Hence if information is not retrieved and rehearsed at regular intervals it can get

Midterm Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 3

Midterm - Essay Example o the fateful time of the renown Trojan War happened which left the Greeks and natives alike bereaved and mourning for their beloved and brave men who perished as heroes in their fight in the incardinate battle fields. The Dorian invasion which happened around 1100 BC is reliable for the fall of the Homeric Age; it was the irrefutable demise of the Minoan civilization. The economic and political structures of the Homeric Greeks were less advanced than in the former recognized Classical era of ancient Greece. The Homeric Greeks did not refer themselves as Greeks. This group distinctly denominates the Argives, the Achaeans and the Danaans people. These people were solely connected to each other by the city states relationships which shared the same language with the varying dialects. The Homeric Greeks were a tribal society governed by a presiding class known as basileis whose duties contained those of a king, general and a judge coupled with other religious responsibilities. The noblemen or rather the Aristoi assisted the king in his calculations and planning and comprised an advisory council / boule. There was an assembly which comprised the agora and a speaking forum comprising the Laos. This society entailed women participating actively in sports such as athletics. They had a level of freedom and enjoyed prestige. The society was however dominantly patriarchal in which a common ancestry and a common king was acknowledged. Slavery existed but in any case the slaves were in small numbers with the majority of the slaves being women held captive. Hard work was performed by the nobles themselves and the men they hired and a portion was left to the slaves. Women were also trained at their homes in gymnastics on how to bear healthy children. Women at home learned important household skills like spinning, sewing, weaving and cooking among other jobs. They were taught basic facts on mythology and religion and infrequently they were taught to handle music instruments.

E1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

E1 - Essay Example The paper elaborates the relationship between the financial development and the economic growth in China with the help of researches that are carried out by many proficient researchers (Zhang, Lanfang and Susheng, 2012). Allen (2005 cited in Zhang, Lanfang and Susheng, 2012), an eminent researchers has commented that China has been an important example of flourishing economy who have experienced the fastest growth in finance in more than 30 years. But it should be noted that the financial sector is governed by the state and is underdeveloped even today. The relationship between financial development and economic growth is generally negative. With the help of the provincial data between the period of 1990 to 1999 Boyreau-Debray (2003 cited in Ljungwal and Li, 2007) indentified that financial intermediation has affected the local economic growth negatively. Hasan, Wachtel and Zhou (2009 cited in Ljungwal and Li, 2007) with the help of provincial data for the period 1986 to 2002 has als o pointed out the fact that finance sector has negatively affected the economic growth of the country. But Chen (2006 cited in Ljungwal and Li, 2007) has argued the fact. By using the provincial data for the period of 1985 to 1999 had showed that financial development of China has contributed positively to the growth of the economy (Choong and Chan, 2011). He also examined the two channels, which contributed to the economy to be â€Å"the substitution of loans for budget appropriation mobilization of savings† (Zhang cited in Lanfang and Susheng, 2012). With the help of the provincial data of 1995to 2003, Cheng and Degryse (2007 cited in Zhang, Lanfang and Susheng, 2012) has examined the effect of expansion of the non-bank financial institutions and the banks on the local economic growth. He indentified that the development of the banks has positively affected the economic growth of China. Guariglia and Poncet (2008 cited in Zhang, Lanfang and Susheng, 2012) have used the data of period 1989 to 2003 and has identified two indicators for examining the relationship between economic growth and financial development in China. They concluded that the indicators for measuring the state intervention in financial development are negatively correlated with the economic growth of China. The indicators of market driven financing is positively correlated with the growth of the economy. Finally, Ayyagari, Demirguc-Kunt and Maksimovic (2008 cited in Zhang, Lanfang and Susheng, 2012) took the help of firm related data for examining relationship between growth of the firm and financing pattern of the firm, which can be informal versus formal finance. They explained that the formal financial system has encouraged the growth of the firms. Park and Sehrt (2001 cited in Zhang, Lanfang and Susheng, 2012) have identified that lending policy by the state banks have not fallen during 1991 to 1997 (Ljungwal and Li, 2007). Thus, it can be said that the financial development in Ch ina has created both positive and negative impact on the economic growth of China. 2. China’s financial development and economic growth China has experienced rapid growth in the economy after the reform in 1978. It has second largest economy in the world after United States and it can become the largest economy in the world in the coming 10 years on the basis of the Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) (Allen, J. Qian and M. Qian, 2005). China has always played a significant role in the development o

Importance of Mobile phone

Importance of Mobile phone Introduction During the past decades most people have been adopting themselves with the use of mobile phones. This has rapidly grown in different parts of the world and now, exceptionally the use of a mobile phone is as common as wearing clothes. External factors of an organisation are the ones that the business has no control of while the internal ones are under full control of the business. My manager approached me and wanted me to produce a short simple and clear report of the mobile industry. As an employee of the mobile industry it was an obligation for me to obey. This was a big challenge for me and also it was a chance for me to learn a great deal knowledge about the mobile industry. The report was supposed to cover on various external factors that have impacts on the activities of the organisation. It also included the effects on our customers and suppliers and how to improve them so as to ensure better services to the customers. The report will be categorised into different part with each part having a specific importance to the industry. These parts include PEST, SWOT and the market research which talks more about primary and secondary methods of research. Marketing is the process of anticipating, satisfying and analysing customers requirements profitability. It is very important for a business especially in ensuring the success of the business. The purpose of communication is for the organisation to present and exchange information with its stake holder according to its defined objective and to deliver specific results (Lowe 2009) Market research is the process used to describe a full range of business activities (Chisnall 1996) therefore a business carry out a research normally to identify people wants before product launching this is mainly done in order to avoid failure during product launching. Most large companies have their own market research department (Keller 2009) Primary research (Qualitative) this is refereed to as field research. Its the research that is based on quality. It is based on getting the original data about the market and the product. During approaching customers different methods of primary research can be used such as interviews, observations and questionnaires. Questionnaire is conducted by making people answer questions about the product and their views of the product. While conducting a questionnaire you learn peoples attitude, knowledge and preference of the product. During analysing my questionnaires most people where widely interested by latest mobiles with latest inbuilt software programs as this tend to provide help and support to them in the world. Its is very useful as people are able to obtain different source of data just by using their mobile phones and also they use it in many different ways which are very help full to them especially at work. People with good paying jobs tend to use mobile as reminders as well as schedule planner therefore they are always cautious. This research has its advantages and disadvantages, these are very important for a mobile company to take notice of and they will be listed below Advantages 1) it produces quality data as it tend to approach the question directly 2) its very reliable I personally went in few mobile stores to carry out a primary research This was on the 4th of February 2010 at 10:50 Am. Orange mobile store was the place. Luckily i was able to interview about 13 people from the age of 20 to 28, about different mobile requirements, specifications and its purchasing trends. The results where as follows a) Most people prefer product with many features b) People tend to buy products with affordable pricing as well good design and quality Disadvantages 1) the cost of spreading the information is spread between different users therefore it makes it very expensive 2) its very time consuming Secondary research (Quantitavily) this research is based on facts the information is second hand it already exists there fore its referred to as desk research. This data is normally obtained through sources such as newspapers, journals, internet, books and even magazines. This research is very easy and takes a short amount of time but past results can change within time there fore it can be very misleading. My secondary research involved net surfing and basing on facts it clearly shows that peoples taste has changed. More people prefer phones that are technologically advanced as they tend to cope with fashion as well as advanced mobile devices provide a wide range of help and support to customers during completing their tasks. This has different advantages and disadvantages. They include Advantages 1) Its always available and can be acquired at any time. 2) Its very cheap Disadvantages 1) It does not tackle straight away there fore its unreliable 2) Its often out of date Findings PEST analysis this is the macro environment where by the firm has very little control. It mainly consists of factors that are external. Pest is political, economical, social and technological. According to various methods used while conducting this research it was quite a challenge. The research used where primary and secondary. Political This mainly deals with the law of the country where a particular company is located. In UK each and every company must comply with the law. It must be able to comply with new changes in the countrys legal system and companies must provide training this is mainly to provide the required knowledge to the unskilled also to insure safety at work. It also encourages the unemployed to work. High tax rates that the company has to pay are also a law that the company must be prepared to meet up with. Due to this being an external factor the business has no control of but to prepare it self and though even this affect the customers disposable income as it tends to increase the price of product the company has no option but just to advertise for the product so as to encourage customers to make a purchase even though the product price might be high. The company must also be aware that the law is made with action, if not followed it cause problems to the company. Politically stability is an impor tant factor to all company as this makes the company operate in a peaceful manner as it also increase the company security and customers become more confident with the products and thus brand name improves its status. Economical Are those that affect spending patterns and international trade (Chaffey 2003) this consists of factors such as consumers income and many others which affect consumers purchasing power. This affects people spending patens even though it differs from place to place. People with high disposable income such as empty nesters tend to be little affected as they have no responsibilities and they have a high disposable income in contrast parent with young children are more affected because they are dependants. They have to look after their children as the same time they also have to save so as to pay for the childrens education. The company can launch products which mainly target the old population mainly because they have a high income. This mainly deals with money there for a company must know its market before realigns a product. The company must be prepared to respond to changes of people socials attitude and peoples buying attitudes as in different part of the world recession is one of the biggest problem there for the company must know on how to rate their prices. In the UK recession is also a major problem there for the company must understand that most people are out of jobs there for it must know how to deal with this type of situations in order to maintain its customers as most people tend not to buy luxury goods. Inflation is also another external problem thats affecting the company. The company must carefully consider this situation where by money losses its value. The company has no power over this situation because it cannot control the supply of money in a countrys economy there fore it must try its best to provide suitable options for the customers so as to ensure the safety of the company. Social This mainly shows the peoples living styles there fore it is the cultural aspects of the macro environment, the industry needs to ensure product safety as most people have become cautious with their health and also the company should insure proper production methods of the product as to ensure safety of its customers. We can see at present most people are careful about their health where by the company must act in response with these various changes so as to ensure safety in the mobile industry. Social way of life changes from time to time and in the UK at present Scientists claim radiation from handsets are to blame for mysterious colony collapse of bees (www.independent.co.uk) there fore this can end up damaging the environments eco system three fore the company should be aware of such problems and should find means of solving them as this tend to destroy the brand image. Technological This mainly deals with the latest electronic devices and is the most dramatic aspect at the company as technology tends to change from day to day. Technology tends to improve at a very high rate as the phones produced know are much simpler and delicate then in the past decades. The latest mobiles are very complex mobile devices as people tend to cope with fashion. As a company we need to keep up with the day to day improvement of technology as to provide best product quality to our customers. This will also improve the company brand name as customers wont consider us outdated. The launching of new products such as I phone by Apple Company is a major boost in the market there for the company needs to keep track of the fast changing technology in order to keep up with competitors this will improve the companys opportunities. The company should be prepared to invest a sufficient amount of fund so as to cope with the fast improving technology as this will also make them release latest quality products in the market. SWOT analysis refers to strength weaknesses opportunities and threats. They normally show the parts that the business is strong at weak at and also the opportunities that the business is having and that they need to take advantages of and also the threats from competitors as well as the big challenge in the market. Strength and weakness are the internal factors while opportunities and threats are external (www.wordpress.com) Strength These are the advantages that one company have over the other. They are normally the main reason that attracts customers to a particular type of product in the market. Recently most consumers tend to be interested in highly tech mobile devices there fore companies with high tech technology tend to produce a product that most customers desires. The company must make well use of its strength as they are the main reason way customers tend to buy our products. Latest products that were produce by the company include an eight mega pixel camera. The realise of this mobile phones means people no longer have to carry mobile phone together with digital cameras therefore people are able to take high quality pictures and share them at the same time with close group. The company also need to know that the latest touch screen phones are very popular as most people tend to copy with fashion. The phone also has latest software devices that provide high help for business people and also they can acc ess their email address at any time. The main strength include 1) High tech mobile devices with good digital camera 2) Latest mobile phones with provide easy internet access to business people Weakness They are normally the Disadvantages that the business is experiencing. They normally discourage customers in making a purchase. They are internally and the company needs to ensure that all the weaknesses are overcome in order to provide an appealing product to the customers. As one of a big brand in the industry we need to overcome our weaknesses The weaknesses include 1) Maintaining poor quality product by the business without launching a new one 2) Lack of uniqueness in the product in contrast to competitors Opportunities These are external chances that exist for the business and it is very important for the business to take advantage of them so as to ensure product success. Opportunities are strength that exists for the business. This include 1) Fast delivery and cheap product 2) Making the process of buying the product more efficient Threats They are risks that or challenges that the business have. The business might try to overcome their threats so as to ensure safety of the company. Threats include 1) High tax for the products 2) Many competitors with more advanced distribution channel and advanced products Conclusion The company needs to change the product it produces with change in fashion so as to ensure customer safety, this will make us adopt with fashion there fore produce product that suits consumers requirements, in doing so the company must also be able to invest a lot of money in new products without them being sure that the product will be a success in the market. The company needs to carry out market research before launching its new products in the market in order to minimise its risk of product failure. References: Chaffey, B. (2003) Internet marketing, second edition Chisnall, M. (1996) marketing research, fifth edition Kotler,p.,keller,k.,brady,m.,goodman,m.,and Hanse,T.(2009) Marketing management ,first edition,pg 190-191 Http: www.wordpress.com,retrived on 12/02/2010 Http: www.independent.co.uk, retrieved on 12/02/2010 Bibliography: http://www.imparta.com/marketing/marketing_overview?gclid=CK2FtovkjqACFc9i4wodE2dNdA, accessed on 15/02/2010 www.kinesisMarketing.co.uk accessed on 15/02/2010

Waterloo :: essays research papers

BATTLE OF WATERLOO   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Battle of Waterloo was the final and decisive action of the Napoleonic Wars, the wars that effectively ended French domination of the European continent and brought about drastic changes in the political boundaries and the power balance of Europe. Fought on June 18, 1815, near Waterloo, in modern Belgium, the battle ranks as a great turning point in European history.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After raising France to a position of preeminence in Europe , Napoleon met defeat in 1814 by a coalition of major powers, notably Prussia, Russia, Britain, and Austria. Napoleon was then deposed and exiled to the island of Elba1, and Louis XVIII was made ruler of France. In September 1814, the Congress of Vienna convened to discuss problems arising from the defeat of France. On February 26, 1815 while the congress was in session, Napoleon escaped from Elba and returned to France. Many veterans of his former campaigns flocked to his side, and on March 20, 1815, he again took the throne. The Congress of Vienna, alarmed by Napoleon's return to power, had reacted quickly to the crisis. On March 17 Austria, Great Britain, Prussia, and Russia each agreed to contribute 150,000 troops to an invasion force to be assembled in Belgium near the French border.2 A majority of other nations present at the congress also pledged troops for the invasion of France, which was to be launched on July 1, 1815.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Napoleon, learning of the invasion plan, was determined to attack the allies on their own ground before their army could form. He mobilized an army of 360,000 trained soldiers within two months. He deployed half of these troops within France as a security force and sent the remainder into attack units. On June 14, 1815, Napoleon, moving with speed and secrecy, reached the Franco-Belgian border with 124,000 of his troops. Another 56,000 men were left behind in supporting positions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On June 15, 1815, Napoleon moved across the border of Belgium, and his sudden arrival caught the allied command unprepared. Napoleon ordered his left wing, under Marshal Michel Ney, to attack a brigade of Wellington's cavalry at Quatre-Bras, north of Charleroi. He next ordered the right wing, to move eastward against a Prussian brigade stationed in the town of Gilly. By nightfall on that first day of fighting, Napoleon's armies held the strategic advantage. The emperor had succeeded in placing his army between the advance elements of the armies of both Wellington and Blà ¼cher, and his main force was in a position to swing either left against the Anglo-Dutch army or right to fight the Prussian

Leadership and Nursing

Leadership and NurseProductivity Leadership and Nurse ProductivityThis paper will review an article by Elizabeth Curtis and Rhona O’Connell in Nurse Management-UK. â€Å"Essential leadership skills for motivating and developing staff† reviews the importance of leadership skill and empowering staff (Curtis & O'Connell, 2011). This article discusses the effect manager has on the staff they supervise, and how a negative attitude can produce negative results; whereby a positive and supportive environment can produce staff Nursing Leadership and Developing Staff Productivity. In the article, Curtis and O’Connell discuss the difference between transactional and transformational leadership. Transactional leadership is based on working on an agreed level of performance for a reward. Managers only intervene when something goes wrong. It is a reactionary type of managing. Transformational leadership, on the other hand, is supportive of the employee. Transformational leadership results in higher employee performance, positive relationships and greater employee satisfaction. When employees have job satisfaction is leads to increased productivity and retention. Data Analysis In reviewing and analyzing this article, the transformational leader has four main elements. These elements are charismatic leadership, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation and individual consideration (Curtis ; O'Connell, 2011). This leadership style is important in today’s healthcare. With all the increasing demands and changes being placed on nursing staff, nurses need a supportive and inspiring leader A charismatic leader is admired and respected by the staff. The leader can affect their staff by being a positive role model. Skilled communication is a strong key in to promote self-confidence and respect in their staff. Inspirational motivation shows a team spirit and enthusiasm for the position. This can affect the staff’s development and potential. The staff is very knowledgeable about the role they play. When problems arise, asking the staff for solution encourages participation and motivation. This also shows the staff they are a valuable part of the team. Intellectual stimulation demonstrates the aptitude for creativity and advancing knowledge base. These leaders encourage their staff to continue their knowledge of the field. They provided mentorship encourage nurses to become certified or get advanced degrees. Individual consideration is where leaders are supportive to their staff’s needs. In this article, Curtis and O’Connell determined that staff will leave a position because the manager did not show concern for the staff. Managers must realize that staff needs social contact and friendship and should be treated with dignity and fairness. Through these leadership skills a manager can create an environment that encourages staff to behave in a mature way, express creativity and enable participation in decision making processes. This will increase job satisfaction, staff retention and productivity. Importance of This Article This article discusses skills for motivating and developing staff. This article also discusses transformational leadership verses transactional leadership. Transformational leadership is important because it provides not only direction but it also creates opportunities for professional development (O'Brien et al. , 2008). Through the information here on encouraging staff to participate, to be creative and to continue gaining self- confidence, a manager can excel in leadership. It is important to have excellent leadership skill a manager should strive for the best unit possible. This will include motivated enthusiastic staff and maintain the staff. This will also have an added benefit of decreasing the financial expenses through reduced turnover and improved job satisfaction. Strong Nursing Leadership In society there are always leaders and followers. It is important to know how to lead to have successful followers. Once a leaders has the skills necessary to assure satisfied followers or staff members then the process of job satisfaction will be a natural progression. Followers do not simply follow. Leaders in community nursing should be aware that successful leadership is the result of a cooperative process involving leaders and followers. They argue that leaders who ignore followers and their contribution to leadership do so at the peril of their organizations (Kean ; Haycock-Stuart, 2011). Therefore, it is important to have skills and guidance how to nurture and develop the followers (staff members) to be productive and satisfied. Conclusion In this review, it was discussed the importance of transformational leadership. With transformational leadership the manager can lead the staff (followers) toward job satisfaction. When a staff member has job satisfaction, productivity increased and staff turnover decreases. Job satisfaction is accomplished through charismatic leader, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation and individual consideration. The transformation leader that understands and nurtures the staff will have a productive effective team. References Curtis E O'Connell R 2011 Essential leadership skills for motivating and developing staff. Curtis, E. , & O'Connell, R. (2011). Essential leadership skills for motivating and developing staff. Nursing Management – UK, 18(5), 32-35. Kean S Haycock-Stuart E 2011 Understanding the relationship between followers and leaders. Kean, S. , ; Haycock-Stuart, E. (2011). Understanding the relationship between followers and leaders. Nursing Management-UK, 18(8), 31-35. O'Brien J Martin D Heyworth J Meyer N 2008 Negotiating transformational leadership: a key to effective collaboration [Abstract]. O'Brien, J. , Martin, D. , Heyworth, J. , ; Meyer, N. (2008). Negotiating transformational leadership: a key to effective collaboration [Abstract]. Nursing ; Health Sciences, 10(2), 137-143.

Ode to a nightingale for keats essays

Ode to a nightingale for keats essays Written in May 1819, many believe Keats? Ode to a Nightingale to have been written at the home of Charles Brown, when Keats sat and listened to the bird for in the garden for some hours. Brown recounts how,when he [i.e. Keats] came into the house, I perceived he had some scraps of paper in his hand.? These pieces of paper were to contain Keats? poetic feeling on the song of the nightingale,a poem which has been the delight of everyone.? The nightingale is particularly apt for the themes Keats wished to explore in his poem. In Classical tradition, the nightingale is associated with love. The influential myth of Philomela, turned into a nightingale after being raped and tortured, stresses melancholy and suffering in association with love. Keats often used Greek and Roman mythology as inspiration for his poetry and he was preoccupied with the symbolic nature of many fables. The nightingale has also been associated with poetry; Keats no doubt knew Coleridge's two poems To the Nightingale and The Nightingale: A Conversation Poem and according to his letters, only days before had Keats discussed the nature of nightingales and poetical sensation with the older poet. In this contemplation on poetic experience, Keats attempts to achieve awareness of beauty and permanence through the symbol of the nightingale. The ode is an apostrophe to the bird, thelight-wingd Dryad of the trees? and the poem is basically structured around the contrast between the poet, who is earthbound, and the nightingale, which is free. Keats was also preoccupied with permanence and mutability and through Ode to a Nightingale Keats used the visionary imagination to identify something that is essential and enduring, in this case, thefull-throated ease? of the nightingale. The nightingale also represents one of many paradoxes found within the ode. Despite the fact that the poet interacts with the nightingale on a personal level and identifies with it, he also p...

First Battle of Bull Run in the American Civil War

First Battle of Bull Run in the American Civil War The First Battle of Bull Run was fought on July 21, 1861, during the American Civil War (1861-1865), and was the first major battle of the conflict. Advancing into northern Virginia, Union and Confederate troops clashed near Manassas Junction. Though Union forces held an early advantage, an overly-complex plan and the arrival of Confederate reinforcements led to their collapse and they were driven from the from field. The defeat shocked the public in the North and quashed hopes for a swift resolution to the conflict.   Background In the wake of the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter, President Abraham Lincoln called for 75,000 men to aid in putting down the rebellion. While this action saw additional states leave the Union, it also began a flow of men and material into Washington, DC. The growing body of troops in the nations capital was ultimately organized in to the Army of Northeastern Virginia. To lead this force, General Winfield Scott was compelled by political forces to select Brigadier General Irvin McDowell. A career staff officer, McDowell had never led men in combat and in many ways was as green as his troops. Assembling around 35,000 men, McDowell was supported to the west by Major General Robert Patterson and a Union force of 18,000 men. Opposing the Union commanders were two Confederate armies led by Brigadier Generals P.G.T. Beauregard and Joseph E. Johnston. The victor of Fort Sumter, Beauregard led the 22,000-man Confederate Army of the Potomac which was centered near Manassas Junction. To the west, Johnston was tasked with defending the Shenandoah Valley with a force of around 12,000. The two Confederate commands were linked by the Manassas Gap Railroad which would allow one to support the other if attacked (Map). Armies Commanders Union Brigadier General Irvin McDowell28,000-35,000 men Confederate Brigadier General P.G.T. BeauregardBrigadier General Joseph E. Johnston32,000-34,000 men Strategic Situation As Manassas Junction also provided access to the Orange Alexandria Railroad, which led into the heart of Virginia, it was critical that Beauregard hold the position. To defend the junction, Confederate troops began fortifying the fords to the northeast over Bull Run. Aware that the Confederates could shift troops along the Manassas Gap Railroad, Union planners dictated that any advance by McDowell be supported by Patterson with the goal of pinning Johnston in place. Under heavy pressure from the government to win a victory in northern Virginia, McDowell departed Washington on July 16, 1861. McDowells Plan Moving west with his army, he intended to make a diversionary attack against the Bull Run line with two columns while a third swung south around the Confederate right flank to cut their line of retreat to Richmond. To ensure that Johnston would not enter the fray, Patterson was ordered to advance up the Valley. Enduring extreme summer weather, McDowells men moved slowly and camped at Centreville on July 18. Searching for the Confederate flank, he dispatched Brigadier General Daniel Tylers division south. Advancing, they fought a skirmish at Blackburns Ford that afternoon and were forced to withdraw (Map). Frustrated in his efforts to turn the Confederate right, McDowell altered his plan and began efforts against the enemys left. His new plan called for Tylers division to advance west along the Warrenton Turnpike and conduct a diversionary assault across the Stone Bridge over Bull Run. As this moved forward, the divisions of Brigadier Generals David Hunter and Samuel P. Heintzelman would swing north, cross Bull Run at Sudley Springs Ford, and descend on the Confederate rear. To the west, Patterson was proving a timid commander. Deciding that Patterson would not attack, Johnston began shifting his men east on July 19. The Battle Begins By July 20, most of Johnstons men had arrived and were situated near Blackburns Ford. Assessing the situation, Beauregard intended to attack north towards Centreville. This plan was preempted early on the morning of July 21 when Union guns began shelling his headquarters at the McLean House near Mitchells Ford. Despite having crafted an intelligent plan, McDowells attack was soon beset with issues due to poor scouting and the overall inexperience of his men. While Tylers men reached the Stone Bridge around 6:00 AM, the flanking columns were hours behind due to poor roads leading to Sudley Springs. Early Success Union troops began crossing the ford around 9:30 AM and pushed south. Holding the Confederate left was the 1,100-man brigade of Colonel Nathan Evans. Dispatching troops to contain Tyler at the Stone Bridge, he was alerted to the flanking movement by a semaphore communication from Captain E.P. Alexander. Shifting around 900 men northwest, he assumed a position on Matthews Hill and was reinforced by Brigadier General Barnard Bee and Colonel Francis Bartow. From this position they were able to slow the advance of Hunters lead brigade under Brigadier General Ambrose Burnside (Map). This line collapsed around 11:30 AM when the brigade of Colonel William T. Sherman struck their right. Falling back in disorder, they assumed a new position on Henry House Hill under the protection of Confederate artillery. Though possessing momentum, McDowell did not push forward, but instead brought up artillery under Captains Charles Griffin and James Ricketts to shell the enemy from Dogan Ridge. This pause allowed Colonel Thomas Jacksons Virginia Brigade to reach the hill. Positioned on the reverse slope of the hill, they were unseen by the Union commanders. The Tide Turns Advancing his guns without support, McDowell sought to weaken the Confederate line before attacking. After more delays during which the artillerymen took heavy losses, he began a series of piecemeal attacks. These were repulsed with the Confederate counterattacking in turn. In the course of this action, Bee exclaimed, There is Jackson standing like a stone wall. Some controversy exists regarding this statement as some later reports claimed that Bee was upset at Jackson for not moving to his brigades aid faster and that stone wall was meant in a pejorative sense. Regardless, the name stuck to both Jackson and his brigade for the remainder of the war. In the course of the fighting, there were several issues of unit recognition as uniforms and flags had not been standardized (Map). On Henry House Hill, Jacksons men turned back numerous attacks, while additional reinforcements arrived on both sides. Around 4:00 PM, Colonel Oliver O. Howard arrived on the field with his brigade and took a position on the Union right. He soon came under heavy attack by Confederate troops led by Colonels Arnold Elzey and Jubal Early. Shattering Howards right flank, they drove him from the field. Seeing this, Beauregard ordered a general advance which caused the tired Union troops to begin a disorganized retreat towards Bull Run. Unable to rally his men, McDowell watched as the retreat became a rout (Map). Seeking to pursue the fleeing Union troops, Beauregard and Johnston initially hoped to reach Centreville and cut off McDowells retreat. This was thwarted by fresh Union troops which successfully held the road to the town as well as a rumor that a new Union attack was in the offing. Small groups of Confederates continued the pursuit capturing Union troops as well as dignitaries who had come from Washington to watch the battle. They also succeeded in hampering the retreat by causing a wagon to overturn on the bridge over Cub Run, blocking Union traffic. Aftermath In the fighting at Bull Run, Union forces lost 460 killed, 1,124 wounded, and 1,312 captured/missing, while the Confederates incurred 387 killed, 1,582 wounded, and 13 missing. The remnants of McDowells army flowed back into Washington and for some time there was concern that the city would be attacked. The defeat stunned the North which had expected an easy victory and led many to believe that the war would be long and costly. On July 22, Lincoln signed a bill calling for 500,000 volunteers and efforts began to rebuild the army. These ultimately came under the commander of Major General George B. McClellan. Reorganizing the troops around Washington and incorporating newly-arriving units, he constructed what would become the Army of the Potomac. This command would serve as the Unions primary army in the east for the rest of the war.

Common book Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

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Apple Store Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Apple Store - Research Paper Example The Pasadena Apple store has a variety of products and services. The store has a variety of products and services that meets all age groups and both male and female customers. The store deals in hardware products like iPod touch, iPhone, Apple Cinema Displays, Apple TV, Mac Pro, Mac Mini and Airport Cards (Carlton 165). They have a variety of Apple accessories like mice and wireless keyboards. They have up to date online services termed as Apple Store online. Customers can configure their phones for fast and efficient services. The store has products like computers, which has faster and larger hard drives than any other computer store. The store has simplified inventory that provide instant availability of information on the products and services (Jeffreys 254). The store provides its customers with Apple software that include IWork and ILife applications bundles, Mac OS X, Shake, DVD Pro Studio and miscellaneous software titles. The store has games, quality printers, memory upgrade software, scanners and digital cameras. The store has up to date brands like Mac OS X and Mac Book. Apple Inc has designed this store to suit customer’s needs (Jeffreys 252). The store provides Mac Book brands that meet the customers’ requirements. The store is in line with the California’s regulatory authority. The store has product licenses that are verified by the local authority and the Apple Inc to provide efficient services to their customers (Terry 4B). The retail shop has evolved from just being a computer company to a true consumer brand. The company initially had Mac Book computer line, however, after the expansion; the retail shop added the Iphone and IPod (Lewis 121). This has made the retail shop be ranked one of the best in California. The overall interest of the quantity and product assortment of the retail has improved over the years. The retail shop is producing a variety of products meeting their